Cumming test Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine (3 ed.)
... test A cycle ergometer test of alactacid anaerobic power . The subject pedals from a standing position on a cycle ergometer with known resistance for 30 s at maximum effort. The highest power is determined by the highest number of pushes in any 5-s period. The force that the subject overcomes is usually proportional to body weight, and the distance the force moves is the product of the number of pedal pushes and the flywheel...
Cumming test
William Cumming Rose
Rose, William Cumming Quick reference
A Dictionary of Scientists
...William Cumming (1887–1984) American biochemist Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Rose was educated at Davidson College, North Carolina, and at Yale, where he obtained his PhD in 1911 . He taught at the University of Texas from 1913 to 1922 , when he moved to the University of Illinois as professor of physiological chemistry; from 1936 until his retirement in 1955 he was professor of biochemistry there. In the late 1930s Rose was responsible for a beautifully precise set of experiments that introduced the idea of an essential amino acid into...
Psychological Imagery in Sport and Performance Reference library
Krista J. Munroe-Chandler and Michelle D. Guerrero
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...the AMIUS provides simple, practical, and testable relationships. From an applied perspective, the model offers guidance for imagery interventions. There is ample support for the AMIUS such that the type of imagery should match the desired outcome, or as summarized by Short, Monsma, and Short ( 2004 ) , “what you see, is what you get” (p. 342). That is, if a performer wishes to improve his confidence, he should engage in MG-M imagery. However, some researchers (e.g., Bernier & Fournier, 2010 ; Nordin & Cumming, 2008 ) have found that images can serve...
Transition Planning for Inclusion Reference library
Iva Strnadová
Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education
...Test, & Scroggins, 2013 ). An important part of the student-focused transition planning process is the development of an individualized education program (IEP), which as a part of planning process, continues to be reassessed and updated as needed ( Strnadová & Cumming, 2016 ). Encouraging students to take an active part in their IEP planning is one way to develop students’ self-determination skills. The need for students’ active involvement in the IEP planning process has been highlighted by numerous researchers ( Chandroo, Strnadová, & Cumming, 2018...
Psychological Considerations for Children and Adolescents in Sport and Performance Reference library
Mary Fry and Candace M. Hogue
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...The positive outcomes were not revealed when coaches’ behaviors reflected more ego-involving behaviors. These researchers and their colleagues have moved toward employing AGPT as a theoretical framework and have confirmed these findings over the years ( Cumming, Smoll, Smith, & Grossbard, 2007 ; Cumming, Smith, Smoll, Standage, & Grossbard, 2008 ). In a similar manner, young tennis players who perceived a task-involving climate within their program liked their teammates and tennis professionals better, whereas their perceptions of an ego-involving climate...
Italian Drama since Goldoni Reference library
The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation
...to their versions. Fo himself has expressed the view that actors should themselves be ‘authors’; Stuart Hood's ideas on how to translate Fo reflect this view—‘to provide a plain language text and to suggest that actors and directors should find their own solutions’; and Alan Cumming's invitation to actor Tim Supple to co-translate Morte accidentale di un anarchico is another response to this notion. Some of the complexities of translating for the theatre can be most clearly seen when the playwright is also performer, as is the case with Dario Fo. Jennifer...
Coaching Behavior and Effectiveness in Sport and Exercise Psychology Reference library
Ronald E. Smith and Frank L. Smoll
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...accounted for far more variance than did winning percentage in terms of how much they liked playing for the coach and wished to do so in the future ( Cumming et al., 2007 ). In a later study of adolescent basketball players, motivational climate exhibited stronger and more pervasive relations to the athletes’ attitudes toward the coach, teammates, and the sport experience than did winning ( Breiger, Cumming, Smith, & Smoll, 2015 ). For both boys and girls, winning percentage was related to enjoyment derived from playing the sport and intention to continue...
Modeling in Sport and Performance Reference library
Barbi Law, Phillip Post, and Penny McCullagh
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...(i.e., to influence psychological variables such as confidence, anxiety, and focus). Overall, studies using the FOLQ suggest that athletes of all levels employ the skill function to a greater extent than the strategy and performance functions ( Cumming et al., 2005 ; Hall, Munroe-Chandler, Cumming, Law, Ramsey, & Murphy, 2009 ; Law & Hall, 2009a , 2009b ; Wesch, Law, & Hall, 2007 ). These findings are consistent with gymnasts’ reports of using self-modeling video for skill-related functions ( Hars & Calmels, 2007 ). These results may be due...
Arousal Control in Sport Reference library
Martin Turner and Marc Jones
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...led to lower threat appraisals, positive emotion perceptions, and higher confidence. Similar scripts were used by Williams and Cumming ( 2012 ) , who also found that the challenge script led to challenge appraisals and the threat script led to threat appraisal and a perception that emotional responses were debilitating for performance. Imagery offers a useful way to promote a challenge state, but more research is needed to test the psychophysiological implications of effective imagery use. Although to date no studies have explicitly explored the effect of ...
Ever-Emerging Theories of Aging Reference library
W. Andrew Achenbaum
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging
...wellspring emerged several prominent theories of aging in the 1960s. Elaine Cumming and psychologist William Henry in Growing Old ( Cumming & Henry, 1961 ) posited that the process of withdrawing from work and social relations was an inevitable, universal phenomena in late life. Disengagement theory , as Cumming and Henry tentatively categorized the phenomenon, represents one of gerontology’s few homegrown constructs. But researchers on aging swiftly and sharply attacked Cumming and Henry, invoking activity theory as a structural-functionalist...
Preparing Assessment-Literate Teachers Reference library
Christopher DeLuca and Heather Braund
Oxford Encyclopedia of Global Perspectives on Teacher Education
...is the view that teacher assessment literacy is both sociocultural and contextual, shaped by various factors, including teacher background, experience, professional learning, classroom context, student interactions and behaviors, curriculum, and class diversity ( Looney, Cumming, van Der Kleij, & Harris, 2017 ). In this way, assessment knowledge is always “in the making” and enacted in classrooms through the skill of negotiation. Underpinning this newer conception of assessment literacy is a developmental orientation toward the teaching and learning of...
costume Reference library
Valerie Cumming, Valerie Cumming, Valerie Cumming, Valerie Cumming, Valerie Cumming, Valerie Cumming, and Valerie Cumming
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance
... and its location (outside in natural light, or inside with scenery and lighting ); the proximity of the audience; current theories about the significance of costume; the input of a designer or director ; and the cost and availability of appropriate costumes. Valerie Cumming Early European Evidence of costume practice between 500 bc and ad 1500 is patchy, anecdotal, and dependent upon limited sources which can be interpreted in differing ways. Interpreting costume, whether theatrical or ordinary wear, is notoriously difficult, and the two are...
Music as Curriculum Reference library
Robert Lake
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies
...understanding. This is likely to bring the learner into an internship with given forms of knowledge and experiences. The learner then creates personal meaning by selectively hearing, appreciating, incorporating, and interpreting what has been referred to as “the sonic self” ( Cumming, 2001 ). Music as curriculum is manifested in and through the learner in some form of what Gallas ( 2003 ) called “authoring as the process of metaphorically ‘writing’ the world in a way that gives that interpretation of the world, weight, voice and agency—a way that has the...
Research Methods in Sport and Exercise Psychology Reference library
Sicong Liu and Gershon Tenenbaum
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...reflect the cognitive anxiety dimension. Although SAS was a useful tool to measure competitive anxiety, it was only validated for use among athletes of high school and college age. The factor structure of SAS broke down when it was tested in children aged 9 to 12 years (e.g., Smith, Smoll, & Barnett, 1995 ). Smith, Smoll, Cumming, and Grossbard ( 2006 ) subsequently validated a revised version of SAS, Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), by extending the measurement of competitive anxiety downward on the age continuum to children as young as 9 years old. Smith...
The Effect of Government Policy on Pharmaceutical Drug Innovation Reference library
Ayman Chit and Paul Grootendorst
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Health Economics
...In other countries, such as Canada, the public drug plans do not extend to the entire population but nonetheless account for a significant share of total drug spending. Public drug plans can be distinguished by those that impose hard drug plan budget caps (such as New Zealand; Cumming, Mays, & Daube, 2010 ) and those that do not. Extensions of IPR in jurisdictions with hard caps will simply reduce the number of patented drugs that can be funded ( Hollis, 2016 ). Countries with “soft” public drug plan budget caps, or no caps at all, tend to use health...
The Economic and Health Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation Reference library
Luis Andrés, George Joseph, and Suneira Rana
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Environmental Economics
.... World Bank. Andres, L. , Loughnan, E. , & Li, S. (2017). Navigating the shifting international MDG to SDG: Frameworks to assess WASH coverage in 18 countries in a meaningful way (Background paper for the WASH Poverty Diagnostics Initiative). World Bank. Benova, L. , Cumming, O. , & Campell, O. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Association between water and sanitation environment and maternal mortality. Tropical Medicine and International Health , 19 (4), 368–387. Black, R. , Victoria, C. , Walker, S. , Bhutta, Z. , Christian, P....
A Historical Overview of Psychological Inquiry as a Contested Method Reference library
Karyna Pryiomka and Joshua W. Clegg
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology
...of the meaning of significance level, unnuanced yes–no decision-making, and vulnerability of p -values to sample size, among other issues. In response to these mounting concerns over one of the dominant analytical strategies in psychology, individual authors (e.g., Cumming, 2013 ) and journal editors (e.g., Eich, 2013 ) advocated for the adoption of the new guidelines for psychological research and publication that de-emphasized NHST and promoted the use and reporting of effect size measures and other statistics. Another important methodological...
Surgical Performance from a Psychological Perspective Reference library
Aidan Moran, Nick Sevdalis, and Lauren Wallace
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...control condition ( Driskell et al., 1994 ). After a pretreatment baseline test has been conducted on a designated skill, participants are randomly assigned to one of these conditions (PP, MP, PP/MP, or control). Normally, the cognitive rehearsal that occurs in the MP treatment condition is guided by a mental imagery “script” that describes the motor actions to be executed in clear and vivid detail (see Arora et al., 2010 ; and Williams, Cooley, Newell, Weibull, & Cumming, 2013 , for surgical and sporting examples, respectively). Ideally, this script...
