Counter-Reformation Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
...Council of Trent ( 1545–63 ) was the engine of the Counter-Reformation. It eradicated simony (such as the sale of indulgences), standardized Roman Catholic theology, and undertook institutional reforms. The second phase ( 1563–90 ) of the Counter-Reformation was administered by Pius V , Gregory XIII and Sixtus V. See also Campion, Saint Edmund ; Vincent de Paul,...
Counter-Reformation Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance
...by tradition. The Counter-Reformation continued the process of reforming the religious orders by imposing disciplinary measures on the established orders and sanctioning the creation of new orders, such as the barnabites , Capuchins , Theatines , and Jesuits . The discipline of the laity took the form of the institution of the Inquisition and the Index librorum prohibitorum . The rationalism of Protestantism may account for the revival of Catholic mysticism in the sixteenth century. The greatest achievements of the Counter-Reformation were the...
Counter‐Reformation Reference library
The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French
...was, furthermore, to be celebrated only in Latin. There is no doubt that the Counter‐Reformation would have been very different if there had not been a Protestant Reformation against which to react. Modern historians prefer, however, to avoid such a tendentious title and to refer to the ‘Catholic Reformation’, which they then seek to interpret in the context of a desire for religious reform extending well back into the Middle Ages. Seen in this perspective, the Counter‐Reformation appears as only another (though extremely important) manifestation of the...
Counter-Reformation Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...-Reformation A revival in the Roman Catholic Church between the mid-16th and mid-17th centuries. It had its origins in reform movements which were independent of the Protestant Reformation , but it increasingly became identified with, and took its name from, efforts to ‘counter’ the Protestant Reformation. There were three main ecclesiastical aspects. First a reformed papacy, with a succession of popes who had a notably more spiritual outlook than their immediate predecessors, and a number of reforms in the church’s central government initiated by...
Counter-Reformation Reference library
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
...-Reformation . Movement of revival and reform in the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th and early 17th cents. The term was used in the 19th cent. to describe that Church's response to the Reformation and the rise of Protestantism , but this is too limiting a concept. The early leaders of the Counter-Reformation (such as Cisneros in Spain, Pole or Giberti in Italy), the revival of religious orders such as the Augustinians and the Carmelites , or the foundation of new orders such as the Jesuits , owed little or nothing to the reaction to...
Counter-Reformation Reference library
Simon Ditchfield
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...of the Counter Reformation (Basingstoke, 1999). D. Luebke (ed.), The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings (Malden, Mass., and Oxford, 1999). J. Delumeau , Le Catholicisme entre Luther et Voltaire (Nouvelle Clio, 30 bis; Paris, 1971; Eng. tr., 1977). J. W. O’Malley , Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2000). A. Bamji , G. Janssen , and M. Laven (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (Farnham, 2013). S. Ditchfield , ‘Catholic Reformation and...
Counter‐Reformation Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.)
...‐Reformation . The revival of Catholicism in Ireland, as elsewhere in western Europe, was not just a reaction to Protestantism, but the continuation of a movement already visible before the Reformation . The impact of the 15th‐century Observant movement on the religious orders had enabled the Franciscans and to a lesser extent the Dominicans to present real opposition to Henry VIII's reformation. The continuity provided by these friars, together with the political alienation wrought by the Tudor conquest and the overwhelmingly colonial nature of...
Counter-Reformation Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture (2 ed.)
...-Reformation Sometimes also called Catholic Reform, this was the reaction of the Roman Church to the late 15th-century demands for reform which culminated in the Lutheran and Calvinist movements from 1517 onwards. In 1512–17 the Fifth Lateran Council had made some attempt at internal reform, and, from the 1520s, new religious Orders also combated Lutheran ideas, but the real impetus came from the Jesuits after 1540 , and from the Council of Trent , which held 25 sessions between 1545 and 1563 , introducing far-reaching reforms, most of which...
Counter-Reformation Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature
...-Reformation . Because the term suggests a narrowly religious and political counteraction to the Protestant Reformation , it is sometimes replaced by ‘Catholic Reformation’, which recognizes both its continuity with earlier Catholic reforming movements and the fact that it was more than mere reaction, possessing its own theological developments and intellectual vitality. From soon after its beginnings in 1517 , Luther's theological Reformation was well received by devout Italian humanists , as well as by figures such as Vittoria Colonna . In the face...
Counter-Reformation Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 ed.)
...-Reformation . The revival of the RC Church in Europe, usually considered as extending from the middle of the 16th cent. to the period of the Thirty Years War ( 1618–48 ). Though stimulated by Protestant opposition, reform movements within the RC Church had begun almost simultaneously with the Lutheran schism. The new religious orders of the 1520s ( Capuchins , Theatines , Barnabites ) preceded the foundation of the Jesuits , who soon became the spearhead of the movement both within Europe and as a missionary force in America and the East. The...
Counter-Reformation Reference library
Carla Keyvanian
The Oxford Companion to Architecture
...-Reformation The term refers to the offensive mounted by the Church of Rome against the advance of the Protestant Reformation in the second half of the 16th century. The period begins conventionally in 1563 , coinciding with the closure of the Council of Trent, which sought to reform the church and society at large toward a more austere religiosity to disprove the allegations of corruption brought forth against the Church of Rome. The arts were marshalled to the purpose. Architecture especially was used to draw attention to Rome as the revitalized centre...
Reformation and Counter-Reformation Reference library
Alison Shell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance
... and Counter-Reformation The religious changes which took place across early modern Europe, bringing about Protestantism and reviving the Catholic Church, had a wide-ranging impact on theatre and performance , as well as on concepts of theatricality . Most of the popular religious drama characteristic of medieval Europe was to die away during this period, faced with Protestant hostility towards the depiction of sacred subjects on stage, as well as a growing feeling amongst Catholics that such performances were indecorous. Some early...
Counter-Reformation Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
...-Reformation the reform of the Church of Rome in the 16th and 17th centuries which was stimulated by the Protestant Reformation. Measures to oppose the spread of the Reformation were resolved on at the Council of Trent ( 1545–63 ) and the Jesuit order became the spearhead of the Counter-Reformation, both within Europe and abroad. Although most of northern Europe remained Protestant, southern Germany and Poland were brought back to the Roman Catholic...
