Campaign Against Racial Discrimination Reference library
Ron Ramdin
The Oxford Companion to Black British History
...Campaign Against Nuclear Disarmament, the Indian Workers' Association (Southall), the Standing Conference of West Indian Organizations (London Region), the West Indian Students' Union , the British Caribbean Association, the Anti‐Apartheid Movement, the National Federation of Pakistani Associations, and the Council of African Organizations. At a meeting held on 10 January 1965 the name the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination ( CARD ) was officially adopted, and a few weeks later the body declared its opposition to all forms of racial discrimination...
Campaign Against Racial Discrimination
Freedom Riders
Harold Washington
Thomas E. Dewey
Reconstruction
Freedom Riders Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...Riders In the early 1960s, groups of non-violent Black and White protesters against racial discrimination in the US Southern states. They were mostly volunteers from the north who in 1961 began chartering buses and riding through the Southern states to challenge the segregation laws. Many Freedom Riders were arrested or brutally attacked by Southern White racists, but their actions did help to arouse public opinion in support of the Civil Rights campaign...
Freedom Ride Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Australian History
...on a similar campaign undertaken by students in the USA, was a bus trip made by a group of University of Sydney students in February 1965 to towns in northern NSW which contained large Aboriginal populations. Led by Charles Perkins and Jim Spigelman , the participating students, historian Ann Curthoys among them, sought to survey the living conditions of Aborigines and the extent of racial disharmony. They met a particularly hostile reception at Moree and Walgett, where they protested against particular cases of white racial discrimination: Aboriginal...
Burnham, Louis (b. 29 September 1915) Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
...Burnham helped to organize voter registration campaigns and nonviolent marches. And he worked on the 1948 presidential campaign of Henry A. Wallace , the Progressive Party candidate, who believed in racial equality. Upon returning to Harlem in the 1950s, Burnham cofounded the newspaper Freedom . Using his pen as a weapon to fight against racial injustice, Burnham wrote articles on a variety of subjects, such as the murder of Emmett Till . Louis Burnham dedicated his life to fighting against racial injustice. He died in 1960 , but remnants of his...
Discrimination Reference library
Kendra P. DeLoach McCutcheon
Encyclopedia of Macro Social Work
...(EEOC) enforces this federal prohibition by making it unlawful to discriminate against spouses of individuals born outside of the United States or individuals associated with persons of a different national group. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act ( 2010 ) protects against discrimination based on color, nationality, ethnic origin, and national origin. Racial Discrimination Racial discrimination is an outward behavioral response that is negative toward a racial outgroup based on ethnic and phenotypic features of its members ( Lum, 2004 ). After a...
West Indian Standing Conference Reference library
Ron Ramdin
The Oxford Companion to Black British History
...was whether West Indians should campaign for equality in cooperation with British organizations, or whether they should assert themselves independently. This debate split the ranks and leadership of the WISC. Although it survived, its effectiveness as a campaigning organization was diminished. By the time of the Brixton riots in 1981 the WISC was seen by many radical Blacks as a powerless force. Ron Ramdin Heineman, Benjamin W., Jr. , The Politics of the Powerless: A Study of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (1972) Patterson, Sheila , Dark...
Randolph, A. Philip (1889–1979) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
...Cookman Institute in 1911 , he moved to New York's Harlem, working and attending City College. In response to increasing segregation and discrimination against blacks, Randolph shunned moderate reform and racial integration, as advocated by W. E. B. Du Bois , and emphasized instead socialism and trade unionism. In 1917 , he founded and co‐edited the Messenger , a radical monthly magazine, which campaigned against lynching, opposed U.S. participation in World War I, urged African Americans to resist being drafted to fight for a segregated society, and...
United States of America, Britain, and the Civil Rights Movement Reference library
Sharae Deckard
The Oxford Companion to Black British History
...to publicize Britain's deteriorating racial relations and employ non‐violent strategies of direct action to combat discrimination. Spurred by King's exhortation, a number of West Indians already involved in race relations, including C. L. R. James , Ranjana Ash , and David Pitt , joined together with a group of white liberals and clergy to form the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination ( CARD ). Loosely modelled on King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference, CARD's objective was to combat racial discrimination at both the community and the...
Hernandez v. Texas Reference library
Ian Haney-López
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
...(“Men Here”). The Court then found that, in Jackson County, Mexican Americans suffered group discrimination. The holding in Hernandez rests squarely on evidence of racial subordination. Yet neither the Court nor the Latino/a petitioners argued that race was an issue. Whether the Latino/a experience should be conceptualized in racial terms remains a contentious issue under law and for many Latino/as. This issue is all the more salient because discrimination against Latino/as continues along a range of axes, not the least of which is jury service. One recent...
Racial Profiling Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
...Justice ; Discrimination ; and Laws and Legislation .] Bibliography Amnesty International USA. Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States . Washington, D.C.: Amnesty International USA, 2004. Carter, William M., Jr. “ A Thirteenth Amendment Framework for Combating Racial Profiling. ” Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 39, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 17–93. Provides an excellent historical context for racial profiling. Harris, David A. Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot...
Edwards, Samuel Jules Celestine Reference library
David Killingray
The Oxford Companion to Black British History
...speaker at large meetings in London and in other towns and cities. At some of these he condemned racial discrimination and harsh British Imperial policies in Africa. In 1892 Edwards became editor of Lux , the weekly journal of the Christian Evidence Society ( CES ). From this new platform and at public meetings up and down the country he served as a prominent apologist for Christianity, arguing against atheism, the drink trade, and racial discrimination. In 1893 Catherine Impey invited Edwards to edit Fraternity , a role he combined with his work for...
Perkins, Charles Nelson (1936–2000) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Australian History
...frequently hostile, as an organiser of, and spokesman for, the freedom ride through country NSW, which successfully highlighted racial discrimination against Aborigines. Perkins was recruited to the federal Office of Aboriginal Affairs in 1969 ; he became manager of the Aboriginal Development Corporation in 1981 , and secretary of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in 1984 . During his time with the department he campaigned vigorously for Aboriginal rights, and was often reprimanded for his willingness to criticise superior officers and ministers. His...
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–68) Quick reference
Stewart Wood
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...Alabama, in 1955 , and was soon asked to head the ‘Montgomery Improvement Association’ in its campaign for desegregation of city buses. A year later, King founded and headed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ), and travelled throughout the country to campaign for the emerging civil rights movement. King’s prominence and oratory power served both to unite and to promote various local campaigns against practices of discrimination, some of which resulted in his arrest and imprisonment. On 28 August 1963 , King led a 200,000 strong...
King, Martin Luther (1929–68) Reference library
Eric Williams
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...of King’s activism and the victories of the Civil Rights Movement, the US Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, integrating schools and other public facilities and making employment discrimination illegal. During this same year, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for his advocacy of racial justice. In the final years of his ministry, after years of campaigning for racial equality, King broadened his focus to criticize ‘the triplet of evil’—poverty, militarism, and racism—in America and abroad, as he called it in his famous speech at Riverside Church in New...
Civil Rights Legislation. Reference library
Mark Tushnet
The Oxford Companion to United States History
...era of civil rights legislation. John F. Kennedy had made civil rights an issue during his presidential campaign, but as president he was reluctant to expend substantial political capital on the issue. His successor, Lyndon Johnson , however, forcefully pushed a comprehensive civil rights bill and used his influence to break a Senate filibuster. The act's major provisions banned racial discrimination in public accommodations and prohibited discrimination by employers and unions. The act also authorized the federal government to deny public funds to segregated...
