Black Migration
Black migration within colonial America was a result of the demand for labor and the dynamics of white migration in the region. As the American economy grew and settlers pushed ...
Black Migration Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
...“white flight” also had benefits: by the 1960s, blacks were the political majority in some cities. Some black leaders were skeptical of migration. Both Douglass and Booker T. Washington urged blacks not to abandon the South. Other black leaders in the North encouraged blacks to move. The newspaperman Robert Abbott wrote about the job opportunities of the North in the black newspaper the Chicago Defender and gave copies to black railway porters to give to southern travelers. Chicago's black population grew greatly (148 percent between 1910 and...
Black Migration Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
... Migration Black migration within colonial America was a result of the demand for labor and the dynamics of white migration in the region. As the American economy grew and settlers pushed into new territory, black migration increased and became a regular feature of life. Early Migration Most of the African Americans brought to the colonies in the seventeenth century remained near the coast. As white settlement filtered into the backcountry, land needed to be cleared, houses built, and crops grown; white migrants turned to slave labor. Some masters brought...
The Great Migration and Black Urban Life in the United States, 1914–1970 Reference library
Tyina Steptoe
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History
...the country, black migrants significantly contributed to the literary and musical development of urban America. Black Politics in Migration Cities The migration of black southerners to the North and West influenced electoral politics in the United States and led to political party realignment. Northern and western states did not disfranchise African Americans, so black migrants in those regions could vote. Black voters on Chicago’s South Side reshaped local politics during World War I. In 1914 Republican Oscar De Priest became the first black alderman...
Black Migration
African‐Caribbean Genealogy Quick reference
Guy Grannum
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...How to Find Out More ( 1998 ), Geraldine Lane , Tracing Ancestors in Barbados: A Practical Guide ( 2006 ), Tony Burroughs , Black Roots: A Beginner's Guide to Tracing the African‐American Family Tree ( 2001 ), and Peter Fryer , Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain ( 1984 ). http://www.ancestorsonboard.com Outward bound passenger lists 1890–1960. http://www.movinghere.org.uk Inward migration passenger lists 1948–60, etc. http://www.familysearch.org International Genealogical Index. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk Scottish...
Jewish Family Names Reference library
Alexander Beider
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...all Jews who follow the rites established in medieval Iberia. Historically, due to expulsion and migration, Sephardic Jews have been present in large populations throughout North Africa, Italy, and the western territories of the Ottoman Empire. The names used by Sephardic Jews can be divided into two large groups: those adopted in the Iberian Peninsula, before the expulsions of the 1490s, and those adopted after the subsequent waves of migration and escape. Surnames of Spanish and Portuguese Jews The Jews of the medieval Iberian Peninsula began to...
Population Levels and Trends Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Epidemics in Britain (2 vols, 1894 ). Another aspect of demography that interested researchers at this time was the study of geographical mobility , which was advanced by the publication of E. G. Ravenstein , ‘The Laws of Migration’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , 48 ( 1885 ), which categorized various stages of migration and emphasized that most people travelled relatively short distances. Ravenstein's model has proved of lasting worth. Major advances in the study of historical demography were made in the second half of the 20th century. An...
Towns Quick reference
David M. Palliser
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...difficult researches into family history, since the rapid growth of towns came about largely by mass migration from the countryside at the period when parish registers were becoming less comprehensive and when civil registration of births , marriages, and deaths was only just beginning. Yet although townspeople were a minority of Britons until the last century, towns have long played a part in national life out of proportion to their size. Local migration was common as far back as the Middle Ages, and much of it consisted of movement from country to town....
Irish and Scottish Gaelic Family Names Reference library
Kay Muhr
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...effect. Despite all these influences, patronymic names remained the norm in Ireland. Although placenames of Gaelic origin were used as toponymic surnames in Scotland, this type of surname does not seem to have been significant within the Gaelic-speaking tradition. Through migration in the period of the English and Scottish Plantations of Ulster in the 16th and 17th centuries, many more English-language surnames arrived in Ireland, adding to the Anglo-Norman family names that had become established there from the late 12th century onward. Over time, some of...
On Martyrdom (Shahadat) Reference library
‘Alī Sharī‘atī
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...is corrupt and cruel. He has no other means at his disposal for his jihad but his own death. He leaves his home only to enter the place of execution. We see how well he carried this out with his accurate plans, reasoning, a glorious and well-planned departure, movement and migration. Stage by stage, he clears the way, explaining the aim which he is moving toward with his unique selection of companions—men who had come to die with him—as well as members of his family. These are all of the things that he possesses in this world and he leads them to be...
Czech Family Names Reference library
Dobrava Moldanová
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...or fifth places in terms of frequency, and spelled Dvorak in the US). In Moravia, the names Svoboda and Dvořák were in practice synonymous: someone who occupied a manor house was by definition a free man. The name Černý ‘black’ (see Cerny ) is equally popular. Among the Czechs, who were predominantly fair, a black-haired, swarthy man was quite noticeable. This surname has a German counterpart, Schwarz , domesticated (adapted) as Švarc . The number of Czech surnames formed from first names is immense, as the number of suffixes used—about...
Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel Reference library
Lawrence E. Stager
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...the Mycenaean and Hittite worlds an internal process of fragmentation and ruralization began, leading to what archaeologists often call a “dark age.” This in turn triggered mass migrations by sea to the already crowded coastlands of the Levant and Cyprus, sending repercussions into the interior of Canaan as well. The Philistines were one group taking part in these migrations. Not long before, another group had appeared in the land of Canaan, although by a process that is much more disputed. This group called itself Israel, and according to the biblical...
English, Scottish, and Anglo-Irish Family Names Reference library
Peter McClure and Patrick Hanks
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...English and retains many linguistic features that are no longer used by speakers of Standard English. It is particularly evident in some occupational names. grieve ‘farm bailiff’ is common in Scotland and northern England, and is not found further south except by family migration. It comes from an Old English word that was exclusive to Northumbria. coulthard (‘keeper of colts’, i.e. young asses or working horses) is similarly rare outside of Scotland and the far north of England. phemister , from Older Scots fe‑master ‘one in charge of livestock’,...
German Family Names Reference library
Edda Gentry
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...especially in the Alemannic southwest dialects of Alsace, Baden, Württemberg, and Switzerland, as well as in Frankfurt and Cologne. Inland migration also played a role in name formation: the constant movement from the country to the city can be read from family names; the new settlers tended to bear names that referred to their home villages. Family names provide valuable evidence for the large west–east German migration in Europe, which resulted in the settlement and opening up of new territories through enterprising merchants and efficient homesteaders,...
Consumerism Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
... 1800 and an astonishing 14.7 million by 1840 . Due partly to better communications and partly to rural dispossession and migration, urban population shot up particularly dramatically [ see *land, 16 ]. London, for example, expanded from around three-quarters of a million in mid- century to almost a million in 1800 and then to two million by 1830 . Alongside the capital, centres of manufacturing—for example, Birmingham and the Black Country—grew with great rapidity, as did the cotton towns of Lancashire and the woollen centres of the West Riding of...
Utopianism Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...antiquity as an ideal of European utopianism. Radical political thought in Britain was widely inspired by the notion that the more equitable conditions of society in the young United States could be emulated in Europe. Utopian conceptions of America also encouraged schemes for migration, such as S. T. *Coleridge and Robert *Southey 's ill-fated plans to set up the model community of *Pantisocracy on the banks of the Susquehanna River in the New World. The importation of the American model into British politics was particularly associated with the doctrines...
Landscape History: The Countryside Quick reference
H. S. A. Fox
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...common‐field systems, which is further confirmatory evidence for nucleation because such systems were inappropriate, both spatially and in terms of organization, for a pattern of dispersed settlement. Villages appear to have been created at this time through the small‐scale migration of husbandmen from peripheral settlements within a township towards a central or other suitable site, and through the coalescence of farms and hamlets already existing close to that spot, thus giving some villages a many‐centred, rather formless, appearance, which has been...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
... The Chalcolithic Age The periodization of history—its division into various eras, and the nomenclature given to those eras—is misleading. It implies sudden change, caused by migration, invasion, variations in climate, or other punctual events. But what is more apparent from the archaeological record is continuity, both through time and across a wide geographical area. Change occurs, of course, but it is almost always gradual and the process is observable. ...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...mechanisms that were part of the emergence of centralized governance may have dealt with such problems in other ways. Another remedy by which agrarian societies have tried to deal with the rise of population above the land's carrying capacity is out-migration. Usually the emigrants are second and third sons who cannot inherit a large enough plot to support a new household. Such sons move to unsettled lands, usually as near as possible to their own family's village but sometimes in a neighboring lineage's territory. This solution is...
28 The History of the Book in Italy Reference library
Neil Harris
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...although the council ultimately failed, it did establish a direct acquaintance with Greek culture and language, up to that time known to Italian intellectuals principally through medieval Latin. The subsequent fall of Byzantium (Constantinople) in 1453 precipitated a migration of Greek scholars, often with MSS in their baggage, who scraped a living in Italy through teaching. With its position athwart the Mediterranean, governing trade between West and East, with the wealth of its great banking families, and the influx of outside revenue ensured by the...
