Football, American Reference library
Ronald A. SMITH
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...that 65 percent of college quarterbacks are black, suggesting that some consideration other than ability is behind the low percentage of professional black quarterbacks. Television and Football The introduction of television dramatically affected college and pro football after World War II. Football games were first telecast in the autumn of 1939 , but another decade passed before the cable required to carry signals spread from the East Coast as far west as Chicago. By about 1950 the growth of television made commercial telecasts of sport contests...
Extreme Sports Reference library
Douglas BOOTH and Holly THORPE
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...; Sponsorship ; X Games ; Youth Sports Note: the Reader’s Guide has a complete list of extreme and/or motorized sports in this encyclopedia. Further Reading Booth, D. (2011). Surfing: The ultimate guide . Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. Booth, D. , & Thorpe, H. (Eds.). (2007). Berkshire encyclopedia of extreme sports . Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing. Coffey, M. (2008). Explorers of the infinite: The secret spiritual lives of extreme athletes—and what they reveal about near-death experiences, psychic communication, and...
Running, Cross-Country Reference library
Leslie HEYWOOD
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...and place. Leslie HEYWOOD State University of New York Binghamton The editors are grateful to Shawn Sorbello , cross-country coach at Fairfield (Connecticut) Public Schools, for helping to update this article for the third edition of the Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport . See also Duathlon ; Endurance ; Gender Equity ; Intercollegiate Athletics ; Jogging ; Pentathlon, Modern ; Race Walking and Pedestrianism ; Racing, Adventure ; Running, Marathon and Distance ; Track and Field—Running and Hurdling ; Title IX ; Triathlon Further Reading...
Croquet Reference library
Scott A. G. M. CRAWFORD
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...Press. Barnett, S. (1990). Games and sets: The changing face of sport on television. London: British Film Institute. Blanchard, K. , & Cheska, A. (1985). The anthropology of sport . South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey. Boga, S. (1995). Croquet (backyard games) . Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. Brasch, R. (1971). How did sport begin? New York: David McKay. Flatten, K. (2001). Croquet. In K. Christensen , A. Guttmann & G. Pfister (Eds.), International encyclopedia of women in sports . New York: Macmillan. Gaunt, D. (1993). Croquet:...
Badminton Reference library
John J. JACKSON
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
... International Badminton Federation . (2012). Homepage. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from http://www.IntBadFed.org International Badminton Federation. (n.d.). World Badminton Magazine (Quarterly). Menke, F. G. , & Treat, S. (1975). The encyclopedia of sports (5th ed.). South Brunswick & New York: A.S. Barnes. Suffolk and Berkshire, The Earl of. (Ed.). (1911). The encyclopedia of sport and games . London: Heinemann. ...
Extreme Media Reference library
Holly THORPE
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...Parks, pipes and powder . New York: HarperCollins. Rinehart, R. (2005). Babes and boards. Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 29 (3), 232–255. Skim the fat: Your guide to skateboarding videos . (n.d.). Homepage. Retrieved November 1, 2012, from http://www.skimthefat.com/provideos/showvideo Thorpe, H. (2007). Extreme media. In D. Booth & H. Thorpe (Eds.), Berkshire encyclopedia of extreme sports (pp. 90–93). Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing. Thorpe, H. (2011). Snowboarding bodies in theory and practice . Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan...
Violence Reference library
Angela HATTERY and Earl SMITH
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
... Shaw, C. R. , & Burgess, E. W. (1930). The jack-roller, a delinquent boy’s own story . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Smith, E. , & Hattery, A. (2005). Violence in sports. In D. Levinson & K. Christensen (Eds.), Berkshire encyclopedia of world sport: Vol.4 . (pp. 1670–1676). Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing. Smith, E. , & Hattery, A. (2006). Hey, stud: Race, sex, and sports. Journal of Sexuality and Culture , 10 (2), 3–32. ...
Billiards Reference library
Garry CHICK and Jon WILSON
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...ex-champion (1884) . Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. Billiard Congress of America. (1995). Billiards: The official rules & records book . Iowa City, IA: Billiard Congress of America. Byrne, R. (1996). Byrne’s wonderful world of pool and billiards: A cornucopia of instruction, strategy, anecdote, and colorful characters . New York: Harcourt Brace & Company. Chick, G. (1996). Billiards. In D. Levinson & K. Christensen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of world sport: From ancient times to the present (pp. 109–119). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Grissim...
Mythology Reference library
Thomas F. SCANLON
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...of California This article has been shortened considerably from the original version that appeared in the 1996 ABC-CLIO / Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport . See also Athletes as Heroes ; Chariot Racing ; Colosseum (Rome) ; Competition ; Mesoamerican Ball Court Games ; Pentathlon, Modern ; Prayer ; Religion ; Rituals ; Sportsmanship ; Violence ; Wrestling Further Reading Apollodorus. (1975). The library of Greek mythology . (K. Aldrich, Trans.). Lawrence, KS: Coronado Press. Boutros, L. (1981). Phoenician sport: Its...
Surfing Reference library
Douglas BOOTH, Mark FRAGALE, Geoff OCKWELL, and Joseph TABLER
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...A mere 10 percent of the Hawaiian population is estimated to have survived between the first outside contacts with Hawaii and the end of the 1800s. The revival of surfing in Hawaii and the consequent global spread of the sport thereafter owes much to Duke Paoa Kahanamoku , a full-blood Hawaiian who is the revered and acknowledged father of the activity. Surfers in Hawaii, California, and Australia organized proto-competitions based on the length of the ride and “style” before the Second World War, but formal codification of the sport did not occur until...
Sport and Politics in Africa Reference library
Michelle Sikes
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...of Sport History , 44 (3), 367–383. Smit, J. (2011). Dennis Brutus: Activist for non-racialism and freedom of the human spirit . Alternation , 17 (2), 8–71. Sugden, J. , & Tomlinson, A. (2003). Badfellas: FIFA family at war . London, UK: Mainstream Publishing. Thomas, J. M. (2005). Sport politics. In K. Christensen & D. Levinson (Eds.), Berkshire encyclopedia of world sport , vol. 4 (pp. 1504–1508). Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing. Ukah, M. (1990). Socio-cultural forces in the growth of the All-African Games. Journal of the...
Sports Crime and Popular Culture Reference library
Nic Groombridge
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture
... Smith, E. (2009). Race, sport, and the American dream (2d ed.). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Messner, M. (1992). Power at play: Ports and the problem of masculinity . Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Rowe, D. (2004). Critical readings: Sport, culture and the media . Berkshire, UK: Open University Press. Welsh, J. M. , Edgington, K. , & Erskine, T. L. (2011). Encyclopedia of sports films . Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. Whannel, G. (2002). Media sports stars: Masculinities and moralities . London: Routledge. References Aldrich, R. (Director)...
Masculinities and School Gun Violence in the United States Reference library
Samantha Deane
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality in Education
...Sociology , 41 (3), 463–481. Lingard, B. , & Douglas, P. (1999). Men engaging feminisms: Pro-feminism, backlashes and schooling . Berkshire, UK: Open University Press. Martin, J. R. (1987). Martial virtues or capital vices? William James’ moral equivalent of war revisited. Journal of Thought , 22 (3), 32–44. Newman, K. S. , Fox, C. , Harding, D. , Mehta, J. , & Roth, W. (Eds.). (2004). Rampage: The social roots of school shootings . New York, NY: Basic Books. Osofsky, J. D. (Ed.). (1998). Children in a violent society . New York, NY: Guilford...
Historical Overview Reference library
Andrew F. Smith, John U. Rees, Rachelle E. Friedman, John U. Rees, Alison Tozzi, Kara Newman, Anne Mendelson, Amy Bentley, Sylvia Lovegren, and Sylvia Lovegren
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...would contain potato skins and a clove or two of garlic. Famous chefs were known to show how down to earth they were by claiming a penchant for eating Oreos while making their fanciest dishes. Two fads that coincided in the 1990s were the extreme popularity of chilies and the interest in the cooking of South America and the Caribbean. The fad for hot chilies seemed to grow out of the popularity of salsas in the 1980s. Soon “mouth surfing,” as eating the hottest chilies was known, became something of a sport, and men in particular liked to show off their...
United States of America Reference library
The International Encyclopedia of Dance
...The crisp precision routines of the Tiller Girls became a main-stay of theatrical dancing. Welcomed in New York intermittently until after World War II, they were the model for the American Rockettes. The influence of realism and the fascination with settings that sported verisimilitude led to the use of narrative as a device for unifying music, drama, and dance in musicals. Economic as well as aesthetic factors reduced the size of the female chorus, which in turn raised the level of skill that was demanded. The appeal of variety was maintained in the more...
Polo, Bicycle and Motorcycle Reference library
Anthony BUSH and Marjolijn KAISER
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...world’s supply of bicycles and motorcycles are virtually unlimited and, perhaps most importantly, cheaper than ponies, the future of both sports seems assured. Anthony BUSH Independent scholar Marjolijn KAISER Berkshire Publishing Group See also Bicycle Motocross (BMX) ; Bicycle Racing, Mountain ; Buzkashi ; Cycling ; Folk Sports ; Horse Racing ; Horseback Riding ; Motocross ; Polo ; Polo, Water Further Reading Bartleet, H. W. (1931). Bartleet’s bicycle book . London: Ed J Burrow & Co. Bartleet, H. W. (1938, November 2). The story of...
Asian Games Reference library
Daniel BELL and Hai REN
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...Federation. Bell, D. (2003). Asian Games. In Encyclopedia of international games (pp. 59–73). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. DawnCom . (2011). How much can 11.3 billion dollars help Pakistan? Retrieved October 31, 2012, from http://www.dawn.com/201/11/22 Doha 2006 . (2008). 15th Asian Games. Retrieved January 11, 2013, from http://en.beijing2008.cn/09/69/column212056909.shtml Gu, S. (1989). Sport history in China . Beijing: Beijing University of Physical Education Press. Han, F. (Ed.). (2006). Sport, nationalism and orientalism: The Asian Games ....
Judo Reference library
Michel BROUSSE
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...Japanese. Its Olympic status boosted judo in numerous countries. Slowly, the number of judo practitioners increased all over the world. The IJF grew with the sport, and in 2012 is practiced in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, as well as several smaller federations. Judo is also now often used in mixed martial arts. Today, the judo world has matured and the abuses of the sport orientation are now compensated by an equal interest in the educational aspects of judo. More particularly, since the 1990s, teaching methods specially designed for...
Jujutsu Reference library
Michel BROUSSE
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...points) in each of the three parts or who has at least fourteen more points than his or her opponent (unblocked blow or kick in good balance and control, 2 points; a perfect throw, 2 points; a strangulation with tapping, 2 points). Competitors are divided into weight classes. In the twenty-first century jujutsu’s popularity has grown and spread around the world. As of 2012 the JJIF had three regional and seventy-three national members, an increase of eighteen nations since 2004 . The JJIF sanctions tournaments following the JJIF Rules Sport style in both the...
Karate Reference library
Monica CARDOZA
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
...standardized set of competition rules and judging training. Participants from thirty-three countries attended and established the World Union of Karate-do Organizations (known since 1993 as the World Karate Federation). In 1983 the rules were restructured and redefined, based on concerns of coaches and referees, at the first World Technical Congress held under the World Union of Karate-do Organizations. The new rules reflected the decision to meld the sport of karate with the original concept of budo , or “way of the warrior.” The use of karate in action...
