Barnum effect n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
...as true was 10.23 out of 13. See also illusory correlation . [The term Barnum effect was introduced in 1956 in an article in the journal American Psychologist by the US psychologist Paul Everett Meehl ( 1920–2003 ), quoting an unpublished comment by the US psychologist Donald G(ildersleeve) Paterson ( 1892–1962 ) about ‘personality description after the manner of P. T. Barnum’, alluding to the US showman P(hineas) T(aylor) Barnum ( 1810–91 ), co-founder of the Barnum and Bailey circus, and by implication to one or both of the following...
Barnum effect
Moore, Douglas S(tuart) (10 Aug 1893) Reference library
Jerry L. McBride
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...back to the Old Songs of the 1890s and Tin Pan Alley of the early 20th century. Moore's works are always tonal and frequently use modal harmony. Dissonance is never used for its own sake, but rather for dramatic effect or because it is called for by the text. His orchestration can be quite effective and original as in the Pageant of P.T. Barnum , the Wind Quintet, and sections of Baby Doe and Carry Nation . Moore frequently uses genres reminiscent of American folk and popular music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries to evoke a sense of America,...
Indian Dance in Diaspora: US And Australian Contexts Reference library
Priya Srinivasan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...on the New York theater stage, Indian performers moved to the streets in P. T. Barnum’s circus shows and into dime museums and world’s fairs. While it appears that the troupe Daly had brought in December 1880 was sent back to India by March 1881 , a new group of performers had arrived by 1884 . By then, Indian dancers were performing with P. T. Barnum, along with jugglers, acrobats, and other “Hindus,” to be displayed in the show. There were several advertisements for Barnum’s show during this period that featured “Nautch” dancing; however, it is not...
Orientalism Reference library
The International Encyclopedia of Dance
...and the “shocking” and “indescribable” movements were promptly imitated in dance halls, vaudeville, and burlesque houses by a number of “Little Egypt” dancers doing their version of the “hootchy-kootchy.” Circuses adopted orientalized themes to display exotic animals. P. T. Barnum engaged “Oriental freaks” for his American Museum in the mid-nineteenth century, and Pawnee Bill in the latter part of the century staged an “Oriental” Wild West Show. The Paris Exposition of 1900 in particular provided a varied offering of Eastern dance genres. Egyptian ...
Beauty Contests Reference library
Anne Carter Mulligan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Middle Eastern and North African countries. Although former and current Communist countries now send delegates to international pageants, in most countries in the Western Hemisphere they have experienced waning popularity. History. In 1854 the American showman P. T. Barnum ( 1810–1891 ) attempted to stage a beauty contest in which women were exhibited before a panel of judges; public protests forced him to use daguerreotypes in lieu of the women themselves. By the end of the century, it was common practice for newspapers to hold beauty contests...
Enchantment Reference library
Michael Saler
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Literary Theory
...was the French conjurer Robert Houdin, who in the mid- 19th century wrote that “a magician is an actor playing the part of a magician.” 40 Similarly, the great American showman P. T. Barnum discussed how the audiences for his duplicitous attractions were aware that they were being tricked; they enjoyed trying to figure out rationally how the trick was done. Barnum encapsulated the double-minded nature of disenchanted enchantment in his wry observation that the public is “disposed to be amused even when they are conscious of being deceived.” 41 Another ...
Leisure Reference library
Will B. Mackintosh
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...P. T. Barnum, who built the craft of traveling showmanship into a commercial enterprise between the 1830 s and the 1850 s. He revolutionized museums, theaters, and circuses, transforming them from family operations into highly organized businesses that competed on a national and international scale. Despite the middle class’s rhetoric of domesticity, Americans increasingly purchased entertainment in the commercial marketplace—purchased it from sophisticated business organizations that profited handsomely from the provision of leisure. Although Barnum was the...
Trompe l'oeil Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art
...“ Trompe l'Oeil Painting and the Counterfeit Civil War, ” A. Bull. , lxxiv/2 (June 1997), pp. 252–68 W. Bellion : Likeness and Deception in Early American Art (PhD diss., Evanston, IL, Northwestern U., 2001) J. F. Cook : The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum (Cambridge, 2001) L. L. Humphries : “ A Trompe l'Oeil for Peale's Philadelphia Museum: Catalogue Deception and the Problem of Peale Family Attributions, ” Amer. A. J. , xxxii/1–2 (2001), pp. 5–44 A. Nemerov : The Body of Raphaelle Peale: Still Life and Selfhood, 1812–1824 ...
Biopolitics and Asian America Reference library
Belinda Kong
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...Wong, and Jason Oliver Chang underscore, “among the first prominent Asian immigrants to the United States.” 10 They went on to tour North America, England, Europe, and Central America in a four-decades-long career that included a late-life stint, along with their sons, with Barnum’s American Museum. Today, they are often remembered and memorialized for their status as early Asian American international celebrities, but Cynthia Wu’s recent Chang and Eng Reconnected ( 2012 ) significantly reframes this narrative by analyzing the ways in which the twins, as...
Singing Reference library
Jonathan Greenberg
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
..., when Manuel del Pópulo García [Sr.] and his company staged a season of opera in Italian in New York City. European singers and opera troupes became major attractions in the 1840s and 1850s. The soprano Jenny Lind toured the country singing concerts under the management of P.T. Barnum, who capitalized on the popularity of European operatic singing at the time. Classical singing style had been undergoing a substantial shift since the late 18th century as singers began to emphasize higher registers through an expanded use of the chest voice. These newer...
Globalization Reference library
Richard Pells
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History
...the epicenter of global filmmaking, the French and Italian cinema in the first decade of the twentieth century dominated movie screens all over the world, including the nickelodeons in America. Nor can the origins of today's international entertainment be traced only to P. T. Barnum or Buffalo Bill. The roots of the new global culture lie as well in the European modernist assault, in the early twentieth century, on nineteenth-century literature, music, painting, and architecture—particularly in the modernist refusal to honor the traditional boundaries...
School Choice and Inclusive Education Reference library
Curt Dudley-Marling
Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education
...popular, oversubscribed charter schools with students on waiting lists for those same schools, the findings revealed no overall effect for achievement for charter schools ( Gleason, Clark, Tuttle, & Dwyer, 2010 ). Additionally, a number of studies indicate that charter schools may have a negative effect on students who remain in traditional public schools, by siphoning funds from the operating budgets of traditional schools ( Barnum, 2019 ). The efficacy of voucher programs is more difficult to assess because, in the United States, private schools are not...
Mass Art Reference library
Michael Leja
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...Technologies in the Nineteenth Century . New York and London: Bowker, 1974. Kracauer, Siegfried . The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays . Translated and edited by Thomas Y. Levin . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995. Leja, Michael . “Art and Class in the Era of Barnum.” Visual Resources 22, no. 1 (March 2006): 53–62. Marzio, Peter . The Democratic Art: Pictures for a 19th-Century America, Chromolithography, 1840–1900 . Fort Worth, Tex.: Amon Carter Museum, 1979. McCauley, Elizabeth Anne . Industrial Madness: Commercial Photography in Paris...
Wheat Reference library
Andrew F. Smith
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...another wheat product, called the graham cracker in honor of Sylvester Graham. The product actually had little in common with what Sylvester Graham had originally advocated. In 1902 the company relaunched yet another cracker, Animal Biscuits, by changing the product's name to Barnum's Animals. Subsequently, thousands of other wheat-based cookies and crackers have been manufactured in the United States. Yet another use of wheat was made by Henry D. Perky of Denver, Colorado, who invented a machine to make biscuits in 1892 . He launched a company called the...
Performing Arts Reference library
Yves Laberge and Trevor R. Griffiths
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...(French Cancan) and music and frivolous costumes were influential from the nineteenth century on. Circus. Some forms of performing arts, such as military parades, tend to disappear in certain countries. But at its core the circus has changed little since the early years of the Barnum & Bailey shows. At one point, the circus was so universal that many film directors wrote stories centered in its everyday life. Among the many masterpieces are The Circus ( 1928 ) and Limelight ( 1952 ) by Charlie Chaplin (who began his career as a traveling actor on...
International Crises Interrogated: Modeling the Escalation Process with Quantitative Methods Reference library
Evgeniia Iakhnis, Stefanie Neumeier, Anne van Wijk, and Patrick James
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crisis Analysis
...& Wilkenfeld, 1984 ), heterogeneity among participants ( Brecher & Wilkenfeld, 1997 ), and nuclear capabilities ( Barnum & James, 2019 ). In conclusion, this section introduces a critique of standard quantitative models that include only one stage for the process of escalation. The modal one-equation approach begins with crisis and treats prior events as exogenous. This creates the potential for selection bias in probing cause and effect of escalation. Inclusion of near crises in a research design—figuratively speaking, events on the knife’s edge—is...
