Asiatic Exclusion League Reference library
Patricia E. Roy
The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
...of 1907 , over 5,500 Japanese landed in British Columbia, and more were expected. In August 1907 , the Vancouver Trades and Labour Council invited elected officials and anyone who believed in keeping Canada ‘a white man’s country' to help found the Asiatic Exclusion League. To recruit members, the league sponsored a parade and rally at City Hall on Saturday, 7 September . Several American visitors, a New Zealander, two local clergymen, and prominent Liberals and Conservatives spoke inside the hall and repeated some of their fiery speeches to the overflow...
Asiatic Exclusion League
Indian (Asian) Americans Reference library
Sanghamitra Niyogi
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...white women from nonwhites. These first immigrants were mostly male Punjabi Sikhs who worked on farms in rural California and married Mexican Americans. In response to the arrival of the Punjabi immigrants, the Japanese and Korean Exclusion League, based in San Francisco , changed its name to the Asiatic Exclusion League. The rise of such anti-Asian forces fostered the first anti–South Asian riots, first in the state of Washington ( 1907 ) and then in California ( 1910 ). The victims of these riots were overwhelmingly those immigrants who had entered...
Angel Island Immigration Station Reference library
Judy Yung and Erika Lee
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History
...who had left their homes to escape British colonialism and to seek a better livelihood abroad. Targeted for exclusion by anti-Asian activists and immigration restrictionists, South Asians had the highest rejection and deportation rate of all immigrants, even though there was no law that specifically excluded them until 1917 . In 1910 , Commissioner-General of Immigration Daniel Keefe, feeling the pressure from the Asiatic Exclusion League, ordered Angel Island inspectors to exclude “East Indians” as a whole on the basis that they were persons of poor...
Japanese Canadians Reference library
Michiko Midge Ayukawa
The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
...returned to Japan to recruit other male immigrants. By 1907 , after the United States closed its doors to the Japanese, the influx to Canada numbered in the thousands. This aroused the ire and fears of many whites, resulting in the formation of a BC branch of the US Asiatic Exclusion League . An exclusionist rally on 7 September 1907 led to a riot through Vancouver's Chinatown and the Japanese district on Powell Street. In 1908 , the Lemieux-Hayashi Gentlemen's Agreement came into force, limiting male immigrants to 400 per year. Since family members were...
Islam and Politics in South Asia Reference library
Abdul Rahman Mustafa
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
...of Muslims after 1857 produced a growing sense of exclusion, particularly among middle-class Muslims, who felt that the British discriminated against Muslims, who were tainted with the mark of sedition, in favor of Hindus. However, Muslims and Hindus could occasionally come together through organizations such as the Indian National Congress to collectively agitate for greater rights for Indians and to complain about the problems of colonial rule. Nevertheless, the All India Muslim League was formed to agitate specifically for the rights of (upper...
Nativism and Religion in America Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Religion in America
... by various labor unions along the Pacific coast, the Asiatic Exclusion League (originally founded as the Japanese and Korean Exclusion League) had been formed in the hope of expanding the prohibition of immigrant labor from other Asian countries besides China as well as halting any further immigration of Japanese labor from Hawaii to the mainland; as Curry’s remarks indicated, however, its focus had in a few years widened far beyond its original intent to protect American workers. Agitation by the league and legislative actions of the California State...
Law and Asian American Literary and Cultural Studies Reference library
Stewart Chang
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...tradition of people of color in America.” 10 But one distinctive obstacle for the Asian American community is the paucity of historical narratives due to many years of legal exclusion. Thus, Asian American writers have become important in creating culture and tradition for Asian American communities, which includes filling in the gaps caused by exclusion. The Period of Exclusion: Absences and Silences Asians did not begin immigrating en masse to the United States until the mid- 19th century , largely in response to demands for unskilled laborers on...
Racial Discrimination Reference library
Encyclopedia of Human Rights
...By the 1920s violent forms of anti-Asian racism erupted in New Zealand as the nation witnessed the growth of white supremacist groups such as the Anti-Asiatic Society and White Race League. Resistance to Asian immigration intensified in the 1900s, and new legislation was enacted that resembled earlier racist policies targeting Asians in the 1880s. (In 1882 the United States Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. Canada authorized the Chinese Immigration Act in 1885 . New Zealand and Australia also developed laws restricting Chinese immigration in the late...
Immigration to American Cities, 1800–1924 Reference library
Hidetaka Hirota
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History
...formed the Immigration Restriction League, which quickly became the major outlet for nativists. By using scientific language and analyses of immigration-related statistics, the league propagated immigration control, especially the introduction of a literacy test as a means of excluding poor immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, many of whom were illiterate. On the other side of the continent, the Japanese and Korean Exclusion League was formed in San Francisco in 1905 with the goal of extending Chinese exclusion laws to Japanese and Koreans. In ...
Raids Reference library
Erik Camayd-Freixas
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
...of Commerce and Labor. Thereafter, “Exclusion Raids” were directed by the Bureau’s Chinese Division. Immigration had officially become a matter of labor regulation. Japanese laborers were brought to Hawaii and California after 1869 . Their numbers were too small to have an impact on American wages. Still, in 1907 , labor unions, politicians, and the Asiatic Exclusion League forced a “Gentleman’s Agreement” with Japan to restrict immigration. In 1917 a California law barred them from owning property. The Asian Exclusion Act of 1924 barred them from entry...
Comparative African American and Asian American Literary Studies Reference library
Julia H. Lee
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...are connected through a “shared” history of racism but rather through a “property system that privileges white property interests.” 8 What binds the two groups together then is their mutual exclusion from property ownership, which forms the foundation for full inclusion into the state as a citizen-subject. According to Hong, it is this differential exclusion—rather than a shared experience of racism—that can form the basis of interracial coalitional politics. Defining African American and Asian American comparative literature as a reading practice makes...
Settler Colonialism in Asian North American Representation Reference library
Iyko Day
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...and the United States to a racial destiny shared by Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Tying the “Asiatic” to the project of building a transnational white settler colonial alliance, the renowned xenophobe Lothrop Stoddard remarked in the 1920s that “Nothing is more striking than the instinctive and instantaneous solidarity which binds together Australians and Afrikanders, Californians and Canadians, into a ‘sacred union’ at the mere whisper of Asiatic migration.” 3 The racialization of Asians in settler colonies has since evolved in complex and...
Disability Studies and Asian American Literature Reference library
Kristina Chew
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...writes in Airs, Waters, Places , The small variations of climate to which the Asiatics are subject, extremes both of heat and cold being avoided, account for their mental flabbiness and cowardice as well. They are less warlike than Europeans and tamer of spirit, for they are not subject to those physical changes and the mental stimulation which sharpens tempers and induces recklessness and hot-headedness…. Such things appear to me to be the cause of the feebleness of the Asiatic race but a contributory cause lies in their customs; for the great part is under...
Hemispheric Approaches to Asian American Literature Reference library
Donald C. Goellnicht
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Asian American Literature and Culture
...approach to Asian Canadian and Asian American west coast and Pacific studies; in his article, Christopher Lee points to the fact that “the first group of Chinese immigrants to Canada arrived from San Francisco in 1858 and members of the Washington State–based Asiatic Exclusion League were instrumental in instigating the 1907 anti-Asian riots in Vancouver,” before continuing to trace interactions across the border. 40 If fictional records of these early transnational human movements up and down the West Coast exist, they have not been considered...
Race and Religion in the United States Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Religion in America
...the Chinese, which possessed a far stronger communitarian ethic. Wong also compared the “heathen” in China favorably against the white laborers in New York City who were forced to “elect those who betray them” through machine politics. “How is this better than the disfranchised Asiatic peasantry?” asked Wong. As for the American missionaries seeking to bring a higher civilization to the Chinese, Wong highlighted the narrow parochialism of the men and women who traveled around the world damning souls, complaining of others’ “semi-barbarism,” all the while...
The Legacy of Recapitulation Theory in the History of Developmental Psychology Reference library
Donna Varga
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of Modern Psychology
...of canine teeth—rarest in white race; more common in lower races (Australians, Meanesians, etc.) and prehistoric man; normal in apes” (p. 223). • “Prehensile foot; wider space between first two toes—rare in adult whites; more or less frequent in young children, some East Asiatic peoples—Chinese, Japanese, Negroes; normal in anthropoids” (p. 223) • “Number of segments of backbone—supernumeracy segments more common in lower races (Andamanese, Australians), and apes” (p. 223). The supposed greater animalness of non-Euro-Anglo persons as communicated through...
Southeast Asia Reference library
Trudy Jacobsen, Barbara Watson Andaya, and Trudy Jacobsen
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...Asia before c. 1500.” In The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia , edited by Nicholas Tarling , vol. 1, pp. 276–339. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Jacobsen, Trudy . “ Autonomous Queenship in Cambodia, 1st–9th Centuries a.d. ” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 13, no. 3 (2003): 1–19. Stuart‐Fox, Martin . “ Who Was Maha Thevi? ” Journal of the Siam Society 81, no. 1 (1993): 103–108. Trudy Jacobsen Early Modern Period Southeast Asia, a region of great cultural and linguistic diversity, includes eleven sovereign nations:...
Mongolian Buddhism in the Early 20th Century Reference library
Matthew W. King
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism
...Mongolia: Ulsyn khevleliin khereg erkhlekh khoroo, 1965. Rinchen, B. Mongol Ard Ulsin Ugsaatnǐ Sudlal Khel Shinjleliin Atlas . Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Shinjleh uhaanii akademi, 1979. Rupen, Robert A. “Cyben Zamcaranovic Zamcarano (1880-?1940).” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 19, no. 2 (1956): 126–145. Rupen, Robert A. Mongols of the Twentieth Century . Bloomington: Indiana University Publications, 1964. Rupen, Robert A. “The Buriat Intelligentsia.” The Far Eastern Quarterly 15, no. 3 (1956): 383–398. Krisztina Teleki . Monasteries...
Cold War Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...race between the two superpowers (the United States and the Soviet Union); the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe; and, as a result, the reunification of Germany and the breakup of the Soviet Union. Moreover, the end of the Cold War was not limited to Europe or Asiatic Russia, but had important repercussions for the developing world that had borne the brunt of the physical violence of the battles between the superpowers. Given the massive arsenals of nuclear and conventional weapons around the world, the peaceful character of this massive...
