tradent Quick reference
A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.)
... One who is responsible for preserving and handing on the oral tradition, such as a * teacher or preacher or missionary, in the form of * apophthegms or similar * pericopae...
tradent
Essay with Commentary on Post-Biblical Jewish Literature Reference library
Philip S. Alexander
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...raised rabbinic Bible interpretation to the level of inspired Scripture), save for one significant difference: the Second Torah in rabbinic teaching was, at least in principle, an Oral Torah, that is to say, one transmitted by word of mouth down through an accredited line of tradents from Moses (cf. Mishnah ᾽ Abot, 1:15), whereas Jubilees seems to have envisaged the Second Torah as having been written down from the very beginning. 9. An extensive retelling of the biblical story can also be found in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews ( anth a .6)....
TALMUD Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.)
...did not produce a fixed text but only fixed contents. More recent research has indicated that a relatively fixed text of the tractates existed after their editing, but the transmission of the text was sometimes in the hands of conservative tradents and at other times handled in a liberal manner, allowing some early tradents to update vocabulary and terminology and perform other editorial functions. Basic reworking was extremely rare; however, a manuscript text of Moʿed Qatan with far-reaching variants has recently been brought to scholarly attention. Various...
Jesus Christ Reference library
Mark Edwards
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...Bauckham 2007), is the chief support of the credal affirmation of Jesus as the only-begotten Son of God. Both his Jewish character (Vermes 1973) and the eschatological element in his preaching (Schweitzer 2000) come to the fore when Matthew is taken to be either the earliest tradent or a compiler of the earliest traditions Few scholars, however, accord complete or exclusive authority to the earliest witness: if we did so with regard to Julius Caesar, our only certain facts would be his translation to the stars and his miraculous abduction from the hands of...
Dzogchen Reference library
Sam van Schaik
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism
...(New York: Columbia University Press, 2016), 30–47. 14. Sa skya paṇḍita , Sdom pa gsum gyi rab tu dbye ba , in Sa skya bka’ ‘bum (Dehradun, India: Sakya Centre, 1992–1993), 12:61. 15. For an insightful discussion of the nature of terma , see Robert Mayer , “gTer ston and Tradent: Innovation and Conservation in Tibetan Treasure Literature,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 36/37 (2015): 227–242. 16. See Donatella Rossi , The Philosophical View of the Great Perfection in the Tibetan Bon Religion (Boston: Snow Lion, 2000)....
Diaspora Studies Reference library
John Ahn
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation
...abundance of summer fruits, wine, and balsam. When Ishmael, the son of Nethaniah and grandson of Elishama, led a small but well organized anti-Babylonian group of ten men to murder Gedaliah, this economic and political colonialism ended. For whatever reason, the Judeo-Babylonian tradents—ironically, given their own hybridity—rejected and did not record the experience of this particular displaced and resettled group in Babylon. On the contrary, their 582 counterpart—the group that voluntarily fled to Egypt with Johanan and other leaders, including...
Tibetan Book of the Dead (Bardo Thödol) Reference library
Casey Alexandra Kemp
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism
...and Eighteenth Century Tibet , ed. Bryan Cuevas and Kurtis Schaeffer (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2006), 91–101 ; Janet Gyatso , “Logic of Legitimation in the Tibetan Treasure Tradition,” History of Religions 33, no. 2 (1993): 97–134 ; Robert Mayer , “gTer ston and Tradent: Innovation and Conservation in Tibetan Treasure Literature,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 36/37 (2015): 227–242 ; Cathy Cantwell , “Different Kinds of Composition/Compilation Within the Dudjom Revelatory Tradition,” Journal of the...
Diachronic Interpretation Reference library
Brad E. Kelle
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation
...History, Gospel of Mark) and specific texts. Interpreters have sought to identify the ways that persons and communities adapted the traditions at each stage of their development and how those adapted meanings became part of the tradition itself as it was passed on to new tradents and settings. The origins of tradition criticism go back to Gunkel’s form criticism and the notion that earlier oral materials could be recovered behind the Pentateuch’s written sources (see Jeppesen and Otzen 1984 ). Form criticism provides the means to identify older units...
Bible Reference library
James E. Bowley
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible
.... A tradition of scholarship on the ancient texts of Miqra developed in the city of Tiberius on the western shore of the Lake of Galilee during the sixth to ninth centuries. Similar schools were also found in Byzantium and Mesopotamia. These scholars, known as Masoretes or “tradents,” utilized texts of the twenty-four sacred books of rabbinic Judaism, and developed various systems for adding vowels to the Hebrew texts, recording the texts in codices, tracking all manner of textual details, and attempting to copy with accuracy. Clearly, the additions of...
Isaiah Reference library
Christopher B. Hays
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible
...long history of composition and compilation is one of the most widely accepted conclusions of critical biblical scholarship. A further level of complexity is introduced by the fact that at least chapters 1–39 are widely recognized to have been augmented and edited by later tradents (that is, those who passed on the texts). Because of the intricacies of that topic, the two major sections of the book will be addressed first, followed by a reflection on the implications for theories of the book's formation. Since the influential work of Bernard Duhm more than...
Judges Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible
...of their ancestors and not to be tampered with, but they could be expanded and remodeled through new anterior and posterior construction. Though Judges had many authors from many eras, they all played by a common set of rules. Each person in the chain (whom scholars now call a “tradent”) was obliged to pass on the revered tradition he received, while at the same time commenting on it and adjusting it through prefacing and extending the existing material, and adding new sections around the inherited core. That leads us to imagine that the evolution of the book...
Form Criticism Reference library
Kenton Sparks, Richard J. Bautch, and Edgar V. McKnight
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation
...as the oracles were gathered and edited to create small oracle collections. From this we may deduce that the biblical prophecies are neither wholly foreign to the prophets who uttered them nor verbatim reports of their words. Rather, to some extent or other, the editors and tradents who passed on the oracles also had their say in the prophetic message. The “Writings” is the most diverse of the three parts of the Hebrew canon. It includes collections of songs and proverbial wisdom (Psalms, Lamentations, Song of Songs, and Proverbs), works of theological “skepticism”...
Orality Studies and Oral Tradition Reference library
Raymond F. Person and Philip Ruge-Jones
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation
...not bearing the claim of being a precise visual copy of an earlier document. ( 2005 , p. 161) Carr extended his earlier arguments on memory in The Formation of the Hebrew Bible . He introduced the term “memory variants,” which are “the sort of variants that happen when a tradent modifies elements of texts in the process of citing or otherwise reproducing it from memory” ( 2011 , p. 17) such as “exchange of synonymous words, word order variation, [and] presence and absence of conjunctions and minor modifiers” ( 2011 , p. 33). He provided numerous examples...
Matthew, Gospel According to Reference library
Anders Runesson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible
...some of these texts influenced, in their written form, one or more of the other gospels as these were being produced. Finally, all agree that oral traditions continued to be transmitted after the gospels were written down, so that we have authority divided between texts and tradents well into the second century. These basic factors need to be taken into account as Matthew's sources and literary history are considered. Before discussing the Synoptic Problem, we need to briefly note the facts, that is, the identifiable condition of the texts as they relate to...
Purity Reference library
William K. Gilders
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Law
...of the tabernacle and the establishment of its sacrificial cult ( Exod 25–31 ; 35–40 ; Lev 1–10 ), the Aaronide tradents addressed how to protect the tabernacle from impurity. For the P tradition, purity and impurity were categories relevant only in relation to the tabernacle and its cult. Thus, the P tradents introduced the purity legislation only after setting out the causes for its relevance. In Leviticus 15:31 , H tradents made explicit what was implicit in the older P composition. Leviticus 16 follows and depends on the body of purity legislation...
Priestly Law Reference library
William K. Gilders
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Law
...in Numbers. Issues of date, both absolute and relative, play a major role in the interpretation of priestly laws, in particular the identification of the purposes and goals for their composition and promulgation. To what particular contextual problems and issues were the tradents responding? A majority of scholars, especially in Europe, assert that the large bulk of priestly legal material is at least exilic in date (post 587 b.c.e. ), and very probably postexilic (after 538 b.c.e. ), and they explain the character of the material in terms of its...
Laws of Eshnunna Reference library
Eckart Otto
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Law
...laws mandate only fines. The cuneiform laws also make no mention of killing the goring ox by stoning. These differences speak to an indigenous Israelite-Judean origin for the laws of the goring ox. If there was any influence from the cuneiform tradition, Israelite-Judahite tradents subverted it by introducing the death penalty as a deterrent. This difference is based on the high esteem of human lives so that a fatal case could not be solved by a fine even in the case of negligence. Differences in the legal substance of the different legal collections are also...
Catholic Epistles Reference library
Robert W. Wall
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Ethics
...of the collection’s formation from Irenaeus and Tertullian against Marcion, through Origen and on to Augustine: at every turn the insistence is that the Pauline witness must be placed in an appropriate interpretive frame, provided by the Catholic Epistles collection, lest tradents contract the spiritual sickness of antinomianism. The Unifying Ethic of the Catholic Epistles Collection. The Catholic Epistles collection is a work of aesthetic excellence—i.e., its final form presents the most useful version of the moral traditions, once received from its...
Animals Reference library
Phillip Michael Sherman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Law
...parallels with material found in the Book of the Covenant in Exodus. The Laws of Hammurapi contain a section (§§250–252) that is so similar to the biblical law of the goring ox that many interpreters have posited a case of direct literary dependence on the part of the biblical tradents. Similarly, the Laws of Eshnunna contain material related to the responsibilities incurred by an owner of a “habitual gorer.” While each version of the goring-ox law is culturally specific with regard to punishment, the biblical version is the only account in which an ox guilty...
