Ernie Pyle
Lloyd's Reference library
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military
...an incorporated society of insurance underwriters in London, made up of private syndicates. Founded in 1871 , Lloyd's originally dealt only in marine insurance. named after the coffeehouse of Edward Lloyd ( fl. 1688–1726 ), in which underwriters and merchants congregated and where Lloyd's List was started in 1734...
Pyle, Ernie (1900–1945) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
...Ernie ( 1900–1945 ), American journalist of World War II. A native of Dana, Indiana, Pyle worked on a local paper before joining the Washington [D.C.] Daily News in 1923 , initially covering aviation and later serving as managing editor. In 1935 , Pyle began a syndicated column for the Scripps‐Howard organization, describing his experiences motoring around the United States. Over the next four years, his stories focused on the lives of average citizens. In 1940 , Pyle received his first wartime assignment from Scripps‐Howard, covering the Blitz in...
Marshall, S. L. A. (1900–1977) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
..., and won a lieutenant's commission in France. He subsequently joined the National Guard. Marshall became a journalist in El Paso in 1923 , but moved in 1927 to the Detroit News , from which, except during tours of army duty, he covered wars for forty years. Through his syndicated column and other publications, “SLAM” Marshall became one of America's best‐known military writers. In writing battlefield history, Marshall's technique was to interview survivors, particularly enlisted men and junior officers, individually and in groups, soon after an...
Mauldin, Bill [William] (1921–) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
...aged beyond their years, irreverent in their attitudes toward officers and rear echelon personnel, Willie and Joe became among the most widely recognized symbols of the American combat infantryman. Mauldin was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 , and the United Features Syndicate distributed his cartoons to hundreds of newspapers. In his book Up Front ( 1945 ), an instant bestseller, Mauldin interpreted his cartoons and the experiences of the average soldier. After the war, Mauldin continued his career as a cartoonist, satirizing a variety of political...
The G.I. Bill (1944) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
...Congress and among veterans’ organizations to such broad‐based plans, he bowed to political realities and supported narrower legislation aimed at veterans. Substantial public pressure developed in 1943 and 1944 , led by the Veterans of Foreign Wars and the Hearst newspaper syndicate, to provide a bonus and other benefits to discharged service men and women. The American Legion , eager to attract World War II veterans to its organization, played a pivotal role in drafting and lobbying for the so‐called G.I. Bill. The bill's emphasis on aiding able‐bodied...
Hundred Years’ War Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
...revenues—but in practice the English kings in particular failed to meet their obligations; the failures of Edward III even caused the bankruptcy of two Italian banks which had loaned him over £174,000 in 1336–1340 . Thereafter the English kings tried other schemes, including syndicates of merchants who were given trading privileges in exchange for advancing loans. The French too relied on loans, but not to the same extent as the less-well-off English, who in the first years of the war depended on credit to finance about 90 percent of its costs. Another type...
Crime: The Illicit Global Political Economy Reference library
John T. Picarelli
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...crime activities has broadened and diversified” ( European Commission 2009 ). Yet to focus solely on large criminal syndicates spanning borders is to miss the forest for the trees. First, transnational crime is more about activities that are both cross-border and illicit than it is about the criminal syndicates that commit these acts for the simple reason that a range of actors engage in transnational crime. Large criminal syndicates like the Yamaguchi-Gumi of Japan, the Casalesi clan of Italy and the Gulf Cartel in Mexico engage in transnational crime...
Computer-Mediated Communication Technology and Cross-National Learning Reference library
Derrick L. Cogburn
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...virtual team members may rise ( Jarvenpaa and Leidner 1998 ). This finding contrasts starkly with those relating to culture in the pilot phase of this study. Atkins et al. ( 2000 ) found that cultural differences profoundly influenced the development of trust in the global syndicates, including pronounced differences in economic ideology and attitudes toward capitalism and socialism. Hofstede ( 1997 ) agrees with this assertion, calling culture the “software of the mind”: “Every person carries within him or herself patterns of thinking, feeling, and...
Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking Reference library
Nadejda K. Marinova
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...rights violations ( Scalettaris 2009 ). Structure of Smuggling Networks An issue widely covered in the literature is the question of the social organization of smuggler networks, and whether human smuggling is part of organized crime carried out by large transnational syndicates, akin to drug smuggling ( IOM 1996 ; Yates 1997 ; Albrecht 2002 ) or, to the contrary, human smuggling is operated by smaller groups. The latter opinion prevails in academic discourse. In the first category of scholars is Koslowski ( 2001 ) , who views human smuggling as...
Teaching with Media Reference library
Michael Kuchinsky
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...can be reached when using cartoons to help teach international politics. A partial list of issues related to democratization and cartooning explored by the essayists parallels those found in the general field of democratization. These themes are: (1) that the international syndication and concentration of print media in a globalized economy has reduced the number of and need for cartoonists and thus also the diversity of commentators ( Margulies 2007 ); (2) the gendered representation of leadership qualities in Western, and particularly American, society (...
Using Geography to Rethink the State Reference library
James D. Sidaway and Carl Grundy-Warr
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...not “officially” sanctioned by states, yet may involve a wide amalgam of actors and agencies, including state functionaries within complex transactional processes and extended networks. Undoubtedly, such “shadows” are often associated purely with powerful international crime syndicates such as the Italian mafia, Russian “mafiya,” Japanese yakuza, Chinese snakeheads, and so on ( Lintner 2002 ). In practice, “shadow networks” may also incorporate a great many people who are “deeply immersed in society and civil life” ( Nordstrom 2000 :46). As Nordstrom notes:...
The Information and Communication Revolution and International Relations Reference library
Jonathan D. Aronson and Peter F. Cowhey
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...political. Indeed, it is striking that governments are losing their hegemony over the political process. New communications and information technologies empower NGOs, firms, revolutionaries, terrorists, fundamentalist religious leaders, extremists of all stripes, criminal syndicates, and political subversives as well as well-meaning social movements, reformers, and activists. This raises concerns that decentralized, fragmented, anarchic chaos is on the horizon that may overwhelm the positive benefits of communications and information technology. Or,...
Teaching with Technology: Active Learning in International Studies Reference library
Steven F. Jackson
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...lecture.” Research in this area is still preliminary, such as Taylor’s ( 2009 ) findings of podcasted lectures’ modest contribution to student learning. A basic guide to the process of starting a podcast can be found in King and Gura ( 2007 ) . RSS Feeds Real Simple Syndication ( RSS ) is a web technology that has been growing in recent years and can be found on many major media pages as a small orange icon. This allows a user with Google Reader, Facebook, or similar reader to read a “clipping” of selected newspapers, blogs, and other media to which...
A History of International Communication Studies Reference library
Elizabeth C. Hanson
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...advocacy groups as a manifestation of an emerging civil society, a more inclusive political process ( Warkentin 2001 ). A second strand of this literature pointed to the darker side of these technologies that can be used by anyone for any purpose, including criminal syndicates, drug cartels, and terrorists ( Arquilla and Ronfeldt 2001 ). The impact of ICTs on the relationship between the state and its citizens was considered in a variety of ways. The ability of governments to provide more direct and efficient services over the Internet and to engage...
Revolutions in Warfare Reference library
Emily O. Goldman
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...a way to reduce the risk to American troops and to innocent civilians. Finally, the end of the Cold War had not ushered in an era of order and stability but rather confronted the United States with a whole host of challenges including “rogue” states, international crime syndicates, terrorists, civil wars, and ethnic conflicts. The United States needed a force that was flexible, adaptable, and deployable enough to deal with any contingency anywhere in this new uncertain world. Information superiority offered a way for the United States to prevail across...
International Organization and Crime, and Corruption Reference library
Frank G. Madsen
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...structured, open system, which is reactive to fluctuations in the economic, political, and legal environment. Its expansions and contractions are correlative to those of the environment, and, also in this respect, it is best compared to small enterprises, rather than corporate syndicates. Contrary to the traditional view, strict intra-group discipline is not the norm; rather, competition, treachery and disorganization are common traits. The innovative and initially shocking aspect of this model was that it firmly predicated a close, symbiotic bond between...
World Trade Law Reference library
Marc D. Froese
The International Studies Encyclopedia
..., accessed September 2015. Bhagwati, J. (2008) Termites in the Trading System: How Preferential Agreements Undermine Free Trade . New York: Oxford University Press. Bhagwati, J. (2011) The Doha Round's Premature Obituary . At http://www.project-syndicate.o...he-doha-rounds-premature-obituary , accessed October 2013. Blouin, C. , Drager, N. , and Smith R. (eds.) (2005) International Trade in Health Services and the GATS: Current Issues and Debates . Washington, DC: World Bank Publications. Blouin, C. , Gobrecht, J. , Lethbridge...
