Squirrels Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Mammals (3 ed.)
...defense is most intensive close to the midden, where the stakes are highest, and most evident in the autumn, when new cones are ready to harvest and dispersing juveniles are attempting to establish territories of their own. The area defended around “primary” middens varies in size between years. When cone crops are good, juvenile recruitment is high, because territories of adults shrink and there is plenty to eat. Young, transient animals can temporarily reside between territories centered on primary middens. When cone crops fail, however, juvenile...
Rodents Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Mammals (3 ed.)
...These include some that live in arid grasslands and deserts – hamsters and some desert mice – and also species such as the North American red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ), which lives in northern coniferous forests and stores cones in large central caches called middens. The Norway or brown rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) is a miscreant species that originated in Southeast Asia but has spread right around the globe in company with humans. Its social structure is central to the species' ecology and hence to the effectiveness of control measures. Socially...
Whales & Dolphins Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Mammals (3 ed.)
...percent in females). Whales and Man An Historical Overview Man has interacted with whales for almost as long as we have archaeological evidence of human activity. Carvings showing whaling activities have been found in Norse settlements from 4,000 years ago, and Alaskan Eskimo middens 3,500 years old contain the remains of whales. It is quite possible, of course, that at this time whales were not so much actively hunted as taken primarily when entering nearshore waters to strand. However, with the likely seasonal abundance of whales in the polar regions as the...
Isotopes Reference library
Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (2 ed.)
...the water in which the shells (made of calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 ) are precipitated, and the amount of water that has been extracted from the ocean and locked up in polar ice. In regions where the temperature changes little between interglacial and glacial periods (such as the western equatorial Pacific), the δ 18 O of shells precipitated in surface waters mainly reflects the ice effect—including any changes in the isotopic composition of the ice—since buildup of ice increases the ratio of 18 O to 16 O. In cores from such areas, shells with an 18 O/ 16 O...
Sea Level Reference library
Encyclopedia of Global Change
...between Denmark and Sweden, flint artifacts have been recovered in shallower water and dated to 6400 bce . Along the coast of Brazil between Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul are thousands of shell middens reaching up to 25 meters in height and containing a record of changing sea levels for the past 6,000 years. In South Carolina, the oldest shell middens (4,200–3,300 years bp ) occur near the mouths of estuaries, whereas the younger ones (3,300–1,000 bp ) occur further landward and up estuary, implying a response by prehistoric folk to a rising sea...
Archaeology Reference library
David L. Browman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
...two circulars in 1862 and 1863 with instructions on excavation methodology for collectors working to secure materials for government museums. Gibbs’s instructions were quite sophisticated for the time. For example, Gibbs suggested that an excavator of a burial mound or shell midden should note if it “exhibited any marks of stratification,” with any artifacts recovered noted as to “the depth at which they were discovered,” and should count the annual rings of any tree growing on a mound to get an estimate of age ( Gibbs, 1862 , pp. 395–396). For much of...
Origin and Development of Agriculture in New Guinea, Island Melanesia, and Polynesia Reference library
Tim Denham
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...gradually transformed agricultural practices from a sole focus on food to the additional production of surplus for animal fodder. Three sites illustrate the continuity of arboricultural practices in lowland New Guinea and Island Melanesia during the mid- to late Holocene: Dongan midden in the Sepik-Ramu Basin on New Guinea dates to c. 6800–6000 cal bp ( Fairbairn & Swadling, 2005 ; Swadling, Araho, & Ivuyo, 1991 ); Apalo in the Arawe Islands, near New Britain dates from 4250–4050 cal bp to possibly c. 1000 cal bp ( Gosden & Webb, 1994 ; Specht &...
Ancient and Traditional Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Agricultural Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa Reference library
Andrew B. Smith
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...than others. The Lod1a1a genome could have come from the incoming herders taking wives from the local hunter-gatherer society ( Barbieri et al., 2014 ). In Kenya, on the shores of Lake Victoria, large middens of shells were accumulated between 2000 and 3000 bp . This was occurring at the same time that similar ‘mega-middens’ (some 10,000 cubic meters of shell in some cases) were being formed on the west coast of the Cape, South Africa. The timing of this may not have been a coincidence. Kansyore-using East African shellfish exploiters also invested huge...
Communicating about Carbon Capture and Storage Reference library
Amanda Boyd
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication
...Policy and Planning , 17 (1), 106–111. Huijts, N. (2003). Public perception of carbon dioxide storage (Master’s thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Retrieved from http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/afstversl/tm/huijts2003.pdf Huijts, N. M. A. , Midden, C. J. H. , & Meijnders, A. L. (2007). Social acceptance of carbon dioxide storage. Energy Policy , 35 , 2780–2789. IPCC . (2005). IPCC Special report on carbon capture and storage . Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs.pdf IPCC . (2007). IPCC...
The Agriculture of Early India Reference library
Charlene Murphy and Dorian Q. Fuller
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...Thar Desert (Sindh, Pakistan). Ancient Sindh , 2 , 7–12. Boivin, N. (2004). Landscape and cosmology in the South Indian Neolithic: New perspectives on the Deccan ashmounds . Cambridge Archaeological Journal , 14 (2), 235–257. Boivin, N. , & Fuller, D. Q. (2009). Shell middens, ships and seeds: Exploring coastal subsistence, maritime trade and the dispersal of domesticates in and around the ancient Arabian Peninsula . Journal of World Prehistory , 22 (2), 113–180. Boivin, N. , Fuller, D. Q. , Korisettar, R. , & Petraglia, M. (2008). First farmers...
Human-Environmental Interrelationships and the Origins of Agriculture in Egypt and Sudan Reference library
Simon Holdaway and Rebecca Phillipps
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...than a replacement for wild species ( Brewer, 1989 ; Wetterstrom, 1993 ). Fish are also present in high numbers at Merimde where they represent 11.5 percent of the identified remains in level I and up to 45 percent in the later levels. At Sais, what is described as a fish midden is dominated by catfish and tilapia, while at El Omari the fauna also contains a large number of fish consisting mainly of deep-water species. At the Badarian site of Maghar Dendera 2, fish are also predominantly deep-water species from the Nile River’s main channel. Fish are...
