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Prehistoric and Traditional Agriculture in Lowland Mesoamerica Reference library
Clarissa Cagnato
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
... The Oxford handbook of Mesoamerican archaeology (pp. 151–164). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Pohl, M. , & Bloom, P. (1996). Prehistoric Maya farming in the wetlands of northern Belize: More data from Albion Island and beyond. In S. L. Fedick (Ed.), The managed mosaic: Ancient Maya agriculture and resource use (pp. 145–164). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Pohl, M. D. (1985). Prehistoric lowland Maya environment and subsistence economy . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pohl, M. D. , Pope, K. O. , Jones, J. G. , Jacob...
drystone walling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering (2 ed.)
...walling Walls constructed of stone without the use of mortar. This was the main technique of construction during the prehistoric era and still prevails in some regions today. Extremely high-quality and solid walls can be built with the careful selection and bedding of the...
fossil fuel Quick reference
A Dictionary of Chemical Engineering
...fuel formed millions of years ago from the decomposition of fossilized remains of plants, trees, and aquatic life to form coal, oil, and natural gas found in rock strata. With a high carbon and hydrogen content, they are energy-rich having captured the energy of the sun in prehistoric times. Fossil fuels are extracted from the ground and used for power generation in power stations, as fuel for motorized vehicles, and for domestic heating. In power stations, the fuel is combusted to produce heat, which is used to produce steam from water that supplies steam...
Early History of Animal Domestication in Southwest Asia Reference library
Benjamin S. Arbuckle
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...Braidwood in his famous Iraq-Jarmo Prehistoric Project. Working with a multidisciplinary team including faunal specialist Charles Reed (and also Charlotte Otten and Frederik Barth), Braidwood initiated the Iraqi-Jarmo Prehistoric Project in 1947 . He collected floral and faunal remains from Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in the “natural habitat zone” in the piedmont regions of Iraq, where domestication was thought to have originated ( Braidwood & Howe, 1960 ). During this project and the following “Iranian Prehistoric Project” in the Zagros, faunal data...
Agricultural Innovation and Dispersal in Eastern North America Reference library
Kandace D. Hollenbach and Stephen B. Carmody
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...E. (1956). Man as a maker of new plants and new plant communities. In W. L. Thomas (Ed.), Man’s role in changing the face of the earth (pp. 763–777). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Asch, D. L. , & Asch, N. B. (1985). Prehistoric plant cultivation in west-central Illinois. In R. I. Ford (Ed.), Prehistoric food production in North America (pp. 149–203). Anthropological Papers no. 75. Ann Arbor, MI: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Asch, N. B. , Ford, R. I. , & Asch, D. L. (1972). Paleoethnobotany of the Koster site: The...
Geography and Chronology of the Transition to Agriculture Reference library
Peter Bogucki
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...nonshattering taken as evidence of domestication. Attempts to find the earliest traces of sorghum domestication in the prehistoric communities of Nubia and eastern Sahara have not been fruitful. For example, sorghum from Nabta Playa in Nubia ca. 7500 bc is morphologically wild ( Wasylikowa & Dahlberg, 1999 ). Instead, the evidence for early sorghum domestication appears focused further the south along the middle Nile. Here, at prehistoric sites like Khashm el Girba, impressions in pottery from sorghum chaff used as temper show both domestic and wild forms...
Hunter-Gatherer Economies in the Old World and New World Reference library
Christopher Morgan, Shannon Tushingham, Raven Garvey, Loukas Barton, and Robert L. Bettinger
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...ethnographic record. That is, all ethnographic data were gathered in an age when hunter-gatherers, no matter how remote, had been in some kind of contact with non-foraging groups. There were also likely prehistoric environments, social configurations, norms, beliefs, etc., for which there are no modern analogues. Identifying diversity unique to the prehistoric past is no simple task and requires modeling potential sources of diversity, a third contentious area of hunter-gatherer economics. Accounting for Diversity and Change: Intensification, Innovation, and...
Human-Environmental Interrelationships and the Origins of Agriculture in Egypt and Sudan Reference library
Simon Holdaway and Rebecca Phillipps
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...S. (2014). Animal bones. In P. Wilson , G. Gilbert , & G. Tassie (Eds.), Sais II The prehistoric period (pp. 135–141). London: Egypt Exploration Society. Bollongino, R. , Burger, J. , Powell, A. , Mashkour, M. , Vigne, J.-D. , & Thomas, M. G. (2012). Modern Taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders. Molecular Biology and Evolution , 29 (9), 2101–2104. Brewer, D. J. (1989). A model for resource exploitation in the prehistoric Fayum. In L. Krzyzaniak & M. Kobusiewicz (Eds.), Later prehistory of the Nile Basin and...
The Agriculture of Early India Reference library
Charlene Murphy and Dorian Q. Fuller
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...evidence suggests that these crops may also originate in this region. However, the beginnings of these inferred domestication processes and the earliest village settlements remain obscure. Kashmir Neolithic In the Western Himalayan–Hindu Kush regions of India and Pakistan the prehistoric cultural complex dating to around 3000 bc has been loosely called the “Northern Neolithic” ( Possehl, 1999 ; Coningham & Young, 2015 ), possessing a rich agricultural tradition with little Harappan cultural influence despite its geographical proximity. Similarly, the...
Indigenous American Agricultural Contributions to Modern Global Food Systems Reference library
Maria C. Bruno
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...household needs, and profit in San Agustín, Bolivia. Agriculture and Human Values , 29 (4), 441–454. Pearsall, D. M. (1980). Ethnobotanical report: Plant utilization at a hunting base camp. In J. Rick (Ed.), Prehistoric hunters of the high Andes (pp. 191–231). New York, NY: Academic Press. Pearsall, D. M. (1989). Adaptation of prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the high Andes: the changing role of plant resources. In D. Harris & G. Hillman (Eds.), Foraging and farming (pp. 318–332). London, U.K.: Unwin Hyman. Pearsall, D. M. (2008). Plant domestication...
Indigenous Polynesian Agriculture in Hawai‘i Reference library
Noa Kekuewa Lincoln and Peter Vitousek
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...Report, 83–2. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. King, J. (1784). A voyage to the Pacific Ocean … 1776–1780 (Vol. 3). London: Strahan. Kirch, P. V. (1977). Valley agricultural systems in prehistoric Hawaii: An archaeological consideration. Asian Perspectives, 20 (2), 246–280. Kirch, P. V. (1990). The evolution of sociopolitical complexity in prehistoric Hawaii: An assessment of the archaeological evidence. Journal of World Prehistory, 4 (3), 311–345. Kirch, P. V. (1994). The wet and the dry: Irrigation and agricultural intensification in Polynesia...
Ancient and Traditional Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Agricultural Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa Reference library
Andrew B. Smith
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...out in the cave known as “Bosumpra” at Abetifi, Kwahu, Gold Coast Colony. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , 10 , 1–67. Shirai, N. (2010). The archaeology of the first farmer-herders in Egypt: New insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic . Leiden, The Netherlands: Leiden University Press. Skoglund, P. , Thompson, J. C. , Prendergast, M. E. , Mittnik, A. , Sirak, K. , Hajdinjak, M. , … Reich, D. (2017). Reconstructing prehistoric African population structure . Cell , 171 , 59–71. Smith, A. B. (1975a). A note on the flora...
The Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis Reference library
William Ruddiman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...this focus on the elite ruling classes has largely ignored the activities of the “common people,” despite the fact that farming was transforming previously natural landscapes. Archaeology, another of the “social sciences,” has much in common with history but adds access to pre-historical time. Like historians, most archaeologists during the 1900s focused on the lives of the elite: urban constructions (especially monumental ones) and the possessions of wealthy people recovered from tombs and other sites. Most archaeological studies during the 1900s were...
Origin and Development of Agriculture in New Guinea, Island Melanesia, and Polynesia Reference library
Tim Denham
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...Polynesia . Kauai, HI: National Tropical Botanical Garden. Yen, D. E. (1973). The origins of Oceanic agriculture. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania , 8 , 68–85. References Anderson, A. (2009). The rat and the octopus: Initial human colonization and the prehistoric introduction of domestic animals to Remote Oceania. Biological Invasions , 11 , 1503–1519. Ballard, C. , Brown, P. , Bourke R. M. , & Harwood, T. (Eds.). (2005). The sweet potato in Oceania: A reappraisal . Ethnology Monographs 19 and Oceania Monograph 56. University of...
Consequences of Agriculture in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Levant Reference library
John M. Marston
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...39 (4), 1160–1171. Amit, D. , Patrich, J. , & Hirschfeld, Y. (2002). The aqueducts of Israel . Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology. Anderies, J. M. , & Hegmon, M. (2011). Robustness and resilience across scales: Migration and resource degradation in the prehistoric U.S. Southwest. Ecology and Society, 16 (2), 22. Anderson, S. , & Ertuğ-Yaras, F. (1998). Fuel, fodder and faeces: An ethnographic and botanical study of dung fuel use in central Anatolia. Environmental Archaeology, 1 , 99–109. Arbuckle, B. S. (2012a). Animals and inequality...
Agricultural Practices and Environmental Impacts of Aztec and Pre-Aztec Central Mexico Reference library
Deborah L. Nichols
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...of the conquest of Mexico . New York: R. M. McBridge & Company. Donkin, R. A. (1979). Agricultural terracing in the aboriginal New World . Viking Fund Publication in Anthropology No. 56. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Doolittle, W. E. (1990). Canal irrigation in prehistoric Mexico: The sequence of technological change . Austin: University of Texas Press. Evans, S. T. (1990). The productivity of Maguey terrace agriculture in central Mexico during the Aztec period. Latin American Antiquity , 1 , 117–132. Evans, S. T. (1998). Toltec invaders and...
Barley in Archaeology and Early History Reference library
Simone Riehl
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...such as the seeds of different cabbage species (up to 7.5 mg/100g) or members of the Chenopodiaceae (up to several hundred mg/100g). Oxalate is even present in meat in similar concentrations as in beer. Therefore, referring to oxalate residues in prehistoric bowls or large-size vessels as evidence for prehistoric beer production should be considered as highly tenuous. A more promising methodology may be the analysis of enzymatically affected starch grains from archaeological samples ( Wang et al., 2017 ). Such methods, however, need to be integrated into...
Agricultural Energy Demand and Use Reference library
David Roland-Holst
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...of enclosure enhances incentives to invest in higher productivity, since these benefits can more effectively be captured. And such investments—including irrigation, intensive feeding, and environmental control—have increased energy use in agricultural operations going back to prehistoric times. The Industrial Revolution accelerated this process, with metal frame glazing permitting much wider use of greenhouses and steam heating improving climate control for plants and animals. Growing seasons were extended for higher-value plants and animals, and agriculture...
Agricultural Dispersals in Mediterranean and Temperate Europe Reference library
Aurélie Salavert
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
... (2001). Le pavot à opium et l’homme. Origines géographiques et premières diffusions d’un cultivar. Annales de Géographie , 618 , 182–194. Clark, J. G. D. (1965). Radiocarbon dating and the expansion of farming culture from the Near East over Europe . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , 31 , 58–73. Colledge, S. , & Conolly, J. (Eds.). (2007a). The origins and spread of domestic plants in Southwest Asia and Europe . Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. Colledge, S. , & Conolly, J. (2007b). The neolithisation of the Balkans: A review of the ar...
Ancient and Traditional Agriculture in South America: Tropical Lowlands Reference library
Glenn H. Shepard, Charles R. Clement, Helena Pinto Lima, Gilton Mendes dos Santos, Claide de Paula Moraes, and Eduardo Góes Neves
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...Murray. Denevan, W. M. (1976). The native population of the Americas in 1492 . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Denevan, W. M. (1992). Stone vs metal axes: The ambiguity of shifting cultivation in prehistoric Amazonia. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society , 20 (1–2), 153–165. Denevan, W. M. (1998). Comments on prehistoric agriculture in Amazonia. Culture & Agriculture , 20 (2–3), 54–59. Denevan, W. M. (2001). Cultivated landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes . Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. Denevan, W. M. (2006)...
