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genital mutilation
midwifery Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...midwifery The ancient craft practiced since prehistoric times by a midwife ; i.e., a female who assists a woman during labor and delivery. Most modern midwives are formally trained, often in nursing care. Some equivalent to professional training to supplement tradition, custom, and common sense can improve the conduct and safety of childbirth among traditional midwives. ...
tanning Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...tanning 1. Processing of animal hides to produce leather, a craft dating to prehistoric times. After cleansing, hides are treated (cured) using bark or other vegetable matter containing tannin, thus the name. Modern methods employ ammonia, chromium salts, and other toxic chemicals that expose workers to various hazards. 2. Increased melanin pigment in the skin that imparts a brown color. Exposure of the dermis of fair-skinned people to solar or ultraviolet radiation causes varying degrees of erythema ( sunburn ), and the melanocytes produce melanin that...
tuberculosis Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...tuberculosis ( TB ) A ubiquitous bacterial disease since prehistorical times, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . An estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with TB, but only a small proportion have active disease, most commonly of the lungs although other organs may be affected. Many who have good nutrition and immune defenses readily overcome their primary infection. Those who develop progressive pulmonary tuberculosis are predominantly at the lowest income level, often undernourished and living in crowded conditions that encourage...
genital mutilation Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...genital mutilation Surgical modification of the external genitalia. This ancient custom has been practiced in various forms on members of both sexes in many cultures since Neolithic times. Male genital mutilation has been a tribal custom in many cultures since prehistoric times. It usually consists of circumcision , excision of the prepuce, which may be done in infancy, early childhood, or around the time of adolescence as an initiation rite. It is an essential feature of the religious customs of Jews and Muslims. In some cultures, such as certain tribes of...
