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prehistoric

Dating back to before written historical records begin. In Europe this includes the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. In North America prehistory is usually taken to refer any ...

Beijing

Beijing   Reference library

Maggie Keswick

The Oxford Companion to the Garden

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006

..., Hebei province, China. Settled from prehistoric times, the site of Beijing (formerly known in the West as Peking) already supported a town under the Zhou and Qin dynasties ( c .1027–206 bc ). In the 12th century it became the Jurched Tartars' capital, with imperial gardens watered by the Lianhuachi pool, and Kublai Khan made it his Great Capital (Dadu) in 1261 . Between its double walls he kept many kinds of deer, ermine, and squirrels, while Marco Polo described also Kublai's great lake and river and the artificial Green Hill thick with trees...

Ermenonville

Ermenonville   Reference library

Patrick Taylor

The Oxford Companion to the Garden

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006

...is never complete), commemorates modern philosophers—Descartes, Newton, William Penn, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau. The other surviving fabriques include memorials to an unknown suicide and to Mayer, a friend of Girardin's who died here; a rustic stone kiosk, a prehistoric cavern, and, in a grove close on the bank of the lake, the Table des Mères (Mothers' Table) surrounded by chairs. The walk about the banks of the lake, with pauses to admire buildings and magnificent mature trees, is immensely pleasurable. Patrick...

cemetery

cemetery   Reference library

Patrick Taylor

The Oxford Companion to the Garden

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006

.... The burial of the dead in some special place is a very ancient practice, extending far into prehistoric times. In the Christian tradition the church, and later the churchyard—consecrated ground—was in the past the usual place of burial. The word cemetery, derived from the Greek for a dormitory, originally had the meaning of a churchyard but, with the laying out of burial grounds not attached to a church, the term cemetery acquired a new meaning. The impulse to find a substitute for churchyards came in the 19th century when the expanding urban...

archaeology of gardens

archaeology of gardens   Reference library

Christopher Taylor

The Oxford Companion to the Garden

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006

...and chronology of types of garden equipment, including flowerpots. Analytical field archaeology An entirely different form of garden archaeology developed from the largely British tradition of analytical fieldwork. The study of upstanding earthen remains (earthworks) of prehistoric, Roman, and medieval settlements, field systems, and burial mounds by detailed surface examination and survey has always been an important aspect of British archaeology. The earthwork remains of abandoned gardens were first recognized in the late 19th century and by the 1920s...

public parks

public parks   Reference library

Patrick Taylor

The Oxford Companion to the Garden

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006

...of steps leading up to the Crystal Palace decorated with statues and a great terrace was lavishly planted with bedding schemes. Further floral displays and spectacular fountains decorated the park and a boating lake was floated with, about its banks, monumental sculptures of prehistoric creatures. The erection of the Crystal Palace and the laying out of the park grounds cost over £1,350,000 (the equivalent of around £58,050,000 in 2004 ). Its opening, by Queen Victoria, was a great social event, and the park became immediately famous, attracting many...

Sweden

Sweden   Reference library

Kjell Lundquist

The Oxford Companion to the Garden

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2006

...for garden today is trädgård , a collective name comprising all earlier yards with a garden-like content. But originally trä(d)gård only meant a fenced-off yard with trees, most often fruit trees but also coppiced trees. The word trädgård has in its turn evolved from the prehistoric trægarþer and is more than 1,000 years old, formed of the nouns träd (tree) and gård (yard). The oldest traditional gardens are best considered as small fenced fruit and kitchen gardens in a square or rectangular shape. Such gardens, planted with cabbages, onions, and ...

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