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Ra᾽s al-Khayma Reference library
Beatrice Nicolini
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...H. E. W. , Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours . Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. A comprehensive and detailed overview of the whole Gulf region. Phillips, C. S. , D. T. Potts , and S. Searight , eds. Arabia and Her Neighbours: Essays on Prehistorical and Historical Developments Presented in Honour of Beatrice de Cardi . London: ABIEL, 1997. A valuable collection of essays on the richness of the Arabian Peninsula, with an excellent essay by Derek Kennet on the Towers of Ra᾽s al-Khayma. Beatrice...
Sahara Desert Reference library
Allen Fromherz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...equatorial zones. These basic climatic extremes have prevailed for some 2.5 million years, but the Sahara has not always necessarily been as dry as it is today. Archaeological evidence shows that giraffes, buffalo, and other animals more common in the savanna were hunted by prehistoric dwellers in the Sahara. Around 2500 b.c.e. the monsoon reached far north into the desert. The Sahara was experiencing a new dry spell in the early 2000s, with effects exacerbated in some cases (particularly in the southern Sahara) by overgrazing or overcultivating. The...
Angkor Reference library
Charles Higham
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Coe, Michael . Angkor and the Khmer Civilization . London: Thames and Hudson, 2003. A richly illustrated survey of the civilization of Angkor. Higham, Charles . The Civilization of Angkor . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001. A summary of the history of Angkor from its prehistoric origins to its collapse in the fifteenth century. Charles...
Indus River Reference library
Azra Meadows and Peter S. Meadows
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...southward through the more arid parts of Sindh Province, entering the Arabian Sea east of Karachi through a large area of mangrove swamps. Subtidally, its effect can be detected for more than 1,200 miles (1,930 kilometers) away on the bed of the Indian Ocean as a series of prehistoric channels. The river was formed soon after the tectonic collision of the Indian plate with the Asian plate about 50 million years ago. The river therefore originated before the formation of the major Himalayan mountain ranges and subsequently had to cut its way through them....
Archaeology Reference library
Kevin Greene
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...most of the known world between 1500 and 1900. How far did global trade in raw materials and labor (much of it enslaved) help to stimulate industrial revolutions in Britain and Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Since four of Gamble's five questions relate to prehistoric times, archaeological evidence is crucial in answering them. Awareness of the origins of our contemporary world gives archaeologists an important role in presenting interpretations of the past to the public. Many help protect archaeological sites by working in museums or...
Cod Fishing Reference library
Skylar M. Harris
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Fishing . As evidenced by archaeological remains, the cod fish has been a popular food choice for humans since prehistoric times. While varieties of cod live in many of the world's oceans, the most historically important source for cod has been the North Atlantic Ocean. Historical records suggest that, while cod from the North Atlantic had been popular throughout much of Europe since the Middle Ages, it was Basque and Nordic colonies in the sixth and seventh centuries that first took advantage of the cod fish's suitability for drying and salting, thereby...
Nubians Reference library
Johanna Granville
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
... b.c.e. –300 c.e. ). In short, the Nubian culture thrived from about 7000 b.c.e. to about 1500 c.e. , when the Nubians were conquered by Muslims. Egyptian-Nubian Ties. Egyptian objects found in Nubian graves attest to close but complex Egyptian-Nubian cultural ties from prehistoric times. Throughout Egyptian history the Nubians have been viewed as either a conquered race or a superior enemy. In armed conflict Nubians were skilled archers. Egyptian pharaohs exported gold, ebony, ivory, incense, minerals, and metals back to Egypt, as well as Nubian slaves....
Twareg Reference library
Allen Fromherz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
..., or “the speakers of Tamashek.” Tamashek is a Berber language and shares much of the vocabulary and structure of the Chleuh Berber speakers in Morocco and the Kabyle Berber language in Algeria. Various forms of Tifinagh, the written form of Tamashek, have been discovered on prehistoric carvings and have been adopted by Berbers in Morocco as the written form of Berber. Tifinagh is still widely used by Twareg, especially among the women, who use the script for short messages, inscriptions, and even poems. Although Twareg society has experienced rare and...
Papua New Guinea Reference library
Richard Scaglion
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...diverse state. More than eight hundred languages have been recorded in the country, each representing a unique culture. In 1750 , New Guinea was virtually unknown to the Western world, although its peoples had already accomplished much in human history. Papua New Guinea's prehistoric populations are credited with being among the world's first seafarers, settling the area perhaps some fifty thousand years ago and developing agriculture as early as nine thousand years ago. Although there were sightings of the island and a few landings by Europeans before ...
Animals and Humans Reference library
Stephen J. G. Hall
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...In recent years the concept that animals have legal rights to this protection has been gaining ground in Western societies. Yet the attitudes of people toward animals are not purely exploitative or materialistic. Animals feature in some of the earliest art, such as the prehistoric cave paintings of France and Spain. A major source of inspiration has been the horse, which provided sculptors such as Donatello, Verrocchio, and their classical precursors, as well as painters such as George Stubbs , with a thrilling vocabulary of beauty in motion, of...
Migrant Labor Reference library
Manolo I. Abella, Daniel A. Reboussin, Alberto Harambour-Ross, and Thomas J. Edward Walker
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...research is particularly difficult in Africa because of the diverse forms it takes in this context. Prehistoric and Precolonial Change. Pastoralist, forager, and hunter-gatherer groups represent models of early human subsistence where mobility was constant and essential. Small-scale and seasonal population movements are not generally considered forms of labor migration, despite their persistence for essentially economic reasons across Africa from prehistoric times to the present. Geographical distributions of Bantu languages and certain genetic traits reflect...
Pacific Rim Reference library
Gary Wray McDonogh
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Northwest tribes, and island kingdoms and cultures that spread from Micronesia to Easter Island. New direct maritime connections to Europe interrupted this separation in the sixteenth century as Portuguese ships traversed the Indian Ocean, reaching China and Japan. Though prehistoric mariners had crossed the Pacific to reach Hawai‘i and other islands and Chinese had visited Pacific destinations, Spain's subsequent global connection through the silver transport and trade of the Acapulco–Manila galleons after 1571 unified the Pacific Rim and the world....
Mississippian Ancient Towns and Cities, 1000–1700 Reference library
Robbie Ethridge
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History
...of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams , ed. James A. Stoltman , Archeological Report, no. 25 (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1993), 143–168; David G. Anderson , Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 4–9; David J. Hally , Marvin T. Smith , and James B. Langford Jr. , “The Archaeological Reality of De Soto’s Coosa,” in Columbian Consequences , vol. 2, Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish...
Morocco Reference library
Jonathan David Wyrtzen
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...how Morocco fits into the broader history of the western Mediterranean. Brignon, Jean , Amine Abdelaziz , Brahim Boutaleb , et al. Histoire du Maroc . Paris: Hatier; Casablanca, Morocco: Librairie Nationale, 1967. Concise and comprehensive synthesis of Moroccan history from prehistoric time to independence in 1956 written by team of six historians. Contains excellent maps, charts, and illustrations in addition to primary documents and a bibliography relevant to each chapter. Burke, Edmund, III . Prelude to Protectorate: Precolonial Protest and Resistance,...
Dance and Performing Arts Reference library
Susan Navarette, Uttara Asha Coorlawala, and Kathy Foley
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...forty; concepts of interconnected sensory modes of learning; and conventions of postmodern theater such as changing gazes, audience response, and the audience's active involvement in creating meaning. Though South Asian and Indian performing traditions have been traced back to prehistoric times, this is not to say that these traditions are frozen. Rather they are in flux, negotiating continuous reconstructions of the past as well as contacts with Islamic, colonial, and global concepts of performance as art and communal celebration. They continue to influence...
Natural Disasters Reference library
Lisa M. Brady, Gregory H. Maddox, and Gregory Clancey
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...a rerelease of Crosby's 1976 edition, Epidemic and Peace: 1918. Davis, Lee . Natural Disasters: From the Black Plague to the Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo . New York: Facts on File, 1992. An excellent general reference on a wide variety of natural disasters across the globe from prehistoric to modern times. It is arranged alphabetically by disaster type and then by country of occurrence. Each section has its own general introduction, and each entry has specific statistical data and references to firsthand accounts. Kolata, Gina . Flu: The Story of the Great...
Industrialization Reference library
Michael S. Smith, Katrina Honeyman, Carl Mosk, and Sanjoy Chakravorty
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...in different parts of the world over time. Cameron, Rondo . A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present . 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Puts industrialization in the context of world economic development since prehistoric times. Daunton, M. J. Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700–1850 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Kemp, Tom . Industrialization in the Non-Western World . New York: Longman, 1983. Landes, David S. The Unbound Prometheus:...
Gender Reference library
Bonnie G. Smith, Danielle C. Kinsey, Bridie Andrews Minehan, Gertrude M. Yeager, and Trudy Jacobsen
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...husbands continued the style of slim pants, belts, shirts, and leather shoes. Women moving into globalized factories often resisted any return to complex and highly differentiated dress. Food dimorphism also marked gender around the world to heighten difference. Skeletons from prehistoric times show similar height and weight for men and women, whereas by the eighteenth century, farmers, for example, scrupulously allotted less food to women servants than to men. Studies of working-class households in late-nineteenth-century London showed that men received any...
Music Reference library
Mimi Stillman, Eric Charry, Mimi Stillman, Stefano A. E. Leoni, Anne Elise Thomas, Mimi Stillman, Tirthankar Roy, Arsenio Nicolas, and Tom C. Owens
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...historical relations of the populations of language groups that inhabit the region—on the mainland the Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, Sino-Tibetan, Miao-Yao, and Tai-Kadai language groups, and on the islands the Austronesian language group. Musical exchanges in Asia date back to prehistoric times during the migration of these populations from the north to the south. Early contacts between India and Funan and between India and Bali date to the first century c.e., and such contacts later produced musical styles and traditions that are today expressed in Buddhist...
1950s: 1950 - 1959
...United States 1950 1950 US evangelist Billy Graham forms the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, to take the Christian message to the world Graham, Billy (1918– ) Who's Who in the Twentieth Century 1 20th century Religion Christianity North America United States 1950 1950 A prehistoric victim of strangling is found in Tollund Moss in Denmark, with part of the noose still round his neck Tollund, Denmark The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 2 20th century Science Europe Denmark 1950 1950 The Family Moskat , about a Jewish family in Warsaw, is the first...
