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Landscape History: The Countryside Quick reference
H. S. A. Fox
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...and by Archbishop Pecham ( c. 1230–1292 ), in a report to Edward I. If archaeologists could be persuaded to move away from a preoccupation with deserted sites and to incorporate living farms into their surveys, it may yet be shown that some of these farms have ancient, even prehistoric origins. By far the best guide to the problems and techniques of distinguishing between the two types—and the most ambitious and sustained essay in early landscape history to appear recently—is Alan Everitt , Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement ...
Popular Culture Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Probably every township , for example, had some particularized sense of its own past: a myth of origin (usually associated specifically with either Britons, or Anglo‐Saxons, or Scandinavians) or even a prehistoric landmark around which had gathered some legendary or superstitious association (see L. V. Grinsall , The Folklore of Prehistoric Sites in Britain (1976) ). Each local community, moreover, boasted its own annual cycle of calendar customs ( see folklore, customs, and civic ritual ) that owed as much to cultural variables (like the earlier...
1 Writing Systems Reference library
Andrew Robinson
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...in southern France, which are probably 20,000 years old. A cave at Peche Merle, in the Lot, contains a lively Ice Age graffito showing a stencilled hand and a pattern of red dots. This may simply mean: ‘I was here, with my animals’—or perhaps the symbolism is deeper. Other prehistoric images show animals such as horses, a stag’s head, and bison, overlaid with signs; and notched bones have been found that apparently served as lunar calendars. ‘Proto-writing’ is not writing in the full sense of the word. A scholar of writing, the Sinologist John DeFrancis ,...
Local and Regional History: Modern Approaches Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Claire Jarvis , ‘ The Reconstitution of Nineteenth‐Century Rural Communities ’, Local Population Studies , 51 (1993) . In 1956 Finberg gathered a group of scholars to launch The Agrarian History of England and Wales ( AHEW ), a multi‐volume treatment of the subject from prehistoric times to the present day. In 1967 volume iv, covering the period 1500–1640 , appeared under the editorship of Joan Thirsk. In her occasional paper Fenland Farming in the Sixteenth Century ( 1953 ), and her essay ‘Industries in the Countryside’ in F. J. Fisher (ed.), ...
Place-Names Quick reference
Margaret Gelling
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...are not recorded until after the Norman Conquest, it is frequently apparent from the vocabulary that they must have been coined in the Anglo‐Saxon period. As regards Welsh, Cornish, and Gaelic names, however, there is no automatic terminus post quem , as the languages are of prehistoric antiquity in Britain, and there are not so many obsolete words. The structure of names of the ‘phrase’ type (e.g. Ardnamurchan, Pontardulais, and numerous Manx names like Cronk ny Arrhee Laa) must be relatively late, but there may be older names underlying them which have been...
Domestic Buildings Quick reference
Malcolm Airs
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Buildings Shelter is a fundamental requirement of human beings and the archaeological evidence for the ways by which this basic need has been met extend far back into the prehistoric period. However, it is only in the centuries following the Norman Conquest that the house as a standing structure survives in sufficient numbers to enable its three‐dimensional history to be written. Wealth and social rank are the major distinguishing features which have shaped the architectural forms taken by buildings with a predominantly domestic function, and these...
Historic Churches Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...was laid out at the centre of the new town at the end of the 12th century. However, some churches occupy what now appear to be strange positions because the early Christians took over pagan sites and adapted them for their own purposes. At All Saints, Rudston (Yorkshire), a prehistoric monolith, which dates from the late Neolithic or Bronze Age , stands over 25 feet high in the churchyard, 10 metres from the chancel. The place‐name has led to the suggestion that a Christian cross, or rood , was attached to the top of the stone. A local legend maintained...
Folklore, Customs, and Civic Ritual Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...(or nowadays ‘non‐’) scientific beliefs through which humanity seeks to explain (and, when need arises, to exploit) its place in relation to the forces of nature and the supernatural. The antiquity of such beliefs is not in doubt, but it is difficult precisely to prove their prehistoric origins in the way so much beloved of the earlier folklorists, beyond acknowledging the probability that belief in the existence of planetary influences and the worship of trees and wells antedated the conversion to Christianity. What matters more to the historian, however, is...
Industrial History Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Review , founded in 1976 , endorsed this view, but Arthur Raistrick , Industrial Archaeology ( 1972 ), argued against the emphasis on the Industrial Revolution and promoted the idea that the subject should include all aspects of industrial history, stretching back to prehistoric times. Another influential publication in the development of the subject was R. A. Buchanan , Industrial Archaeology in Britain (1972) . The standard work is now Marilyn Palmer and Peter Neaverson , Industrial Archaeology: Principles and Practice ( 1998 ). The rapidly...
Natural Philosophy (Science) Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...the way in which science was promoted, including the imperative to demonstrate its moral significance. Geologists, for example, defended their subject against attacks deriving from a literal interpretation of Scripture by asserting that their science revealed an awesome prehistoric drama leading to the appearance of man as God's special creation. Indeed, the new organic sciences were favoured as resources for the arguments of natural theology because they were thought to offer more immediate illustrations of Divine design than celestial mechanics. ...
Crow and Hidatsa
Hodder and Stoughton landscape histories
Iron Age
ditches
Siberia
boundaries
Bronze Age
megalith
Cherokee
