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regional science Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...parallel with human geography, sharing a focus on spatial science . It did not embrace political economy , meaning the two fields became increasingly separated. The Regional Science Association International runs the Journal of Regional Science , and organizes annual...
methodological nationalism Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...nationalism The assumption that nation, state, and society are the same entity, and that this entity is the natural unit of both social organization and social science inquiry. It can be extended to imply that the epistemological frameworks of social sciences are nationalized (for example, political science is conceived as distinct from international relations, sociologists study national-level societies), such that transnational phenomena are hidden from view. Further reading Wimmer, A. and Glick Schiller, N. (2002), ‘Methodological nationalism...
Claval, Paul (1932) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...Paul ( 1932 – ) A prolific French human geographer who has made contributions across the discipline, including regional, cultural, social, political, and urban geography. He has also written extensively on geographical thought. Claval, who spent most of his academic career at the University of Paris IV–Sorbonne, was a key figure in the post-war shift of French geography towards spatial science...
game theory Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...It uses statistics to identify patterns of conflict and cooperation amongst competing and collaborating actors, and to model and predict the behaviours of actors in certain scenarios. It is used extensively in economics, political science, psychology, and biology. In geography it has mainly been used to examine firm behaviour and political...
geopolitik Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
... geopolitics associated with Germany between 1900 and 1940s. Rooted in the tradition of German geography (including Humboldt , Ritter , and Ratzel ), and absorbing ideas from British and US political geographers ( see Mackinder, Halford ), it blended Social Darwinism , racism , an organic theory of the state, and autarky in search of a science of world politics. Karl Haushofer was its leading practitioner. Closely linked with Germany’s expansionism under Wilhelm II and Adolf Hitler, geopolitik was strongly challenged by US geographers before and...
International Relations Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...Relations ( IR ) An academic discipline originally concerned with the political relations between states but now embracing non-state political actors at the global scale and drawing on the full range of social sciences. It was institutionalized in the UK after the First World War, and spread to the USA and other Western countries. IR covers much of the same ground as geopolitics , and the two subjects are frequently taught together. See also state...
New Working Class Studies Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
... An interdisciplinary field in the social sciences and humanities devoted to understanding the experiences of working-class people and the effects of their class position on their lives. Because of the considerable influence of Marxism on Western social science and the humanities after 1945 , the working classes were a major focus of analysis, and thought to be the key political agents able to instigate progressive social change. However, after 1968 , various criticisms of Marxism led to a new identity politics in which the rights of, and oppressions...
social sciences Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...sciences An overarching term for academic disciplines that focus on the nature of society and human action, behaviour, and relationships. Core component disciplines include anthropology, demography, economics, human geography, law, political science, psychology, sociology , as well as fields such as applied social studies, communications, health studies, migration studies, and social policy. While each of these disciplines includes historical analysis, history as a discipline is more usually considered a part of the arts and humanities . The social...
Barnes, Trevor (1956) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...Trevor ( 1956 – ) A British-Canadian economic geographer who has promoted political economy and post-structural approaches to his subfield, and utilized Science and Technology Studies to understand the subfield’s history. A professor at the University of British Columbia, Barnes (writing with Eric Sheppard ) showed why—at the level of theory , not only empirical investigations—geographical distance and unevenness have a fundamental effect on how the capitalist economy operates. Most economic theory assumes that the world’s geography is...
Sayer, Andrew (1949) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...into two main strands, both of which have had an influence in geography. First, he has examined the relationship between social theory and political economy through the study of such issues as the division of labour and the circulation of capital. Second, he has explored the relationship between philosophy and method, forwarding a critical realist approach best exemplified by his book Method in Social Science ( 1984...
coupled human-environment systems Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...systems An analytical perspective that regards human systems (social, political, economic) and environmental systems (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere) as being interlinked in complex inter-dependent relationships. The study of coupled human-environment systems focuses on understanding the relations of stability and change between human and environment systems in order to determine how best to manage these interconnections. Further reading Moran, E. (2011), Environmental Social Science . Turner II, B. L. , Clark, W.C. , Kates, R.W. , Richards, J. , ...
Land Degradation and Society Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...Degradation and Society A book edited by Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield ( 1987 ), it was an important early work in what was to be called political ecology . Blaikie and Brookfield argued that social erosion or more generally, land degradation, was not just an issue for the physical and biological sciences but that social scientists and historians had vital contributions. The book surveyed land degradation past and present, as well as under colonialism and socialism...
political geography Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...significance of iconography and the state idea prefigured later contributions. In the 1960s, political geography was reframed in terms of political studies from spatial perspectives, with elections, boundaries, and subnational administrative organization among its subject matter ( see electoral geography ; spatial science ). A core problem for example, was the effect of international boundaries on spatial interaction. The impact of the cultural and political upheavals across the world in the late 1960s was twofold. On the one hand, impelled by radical...
Renaissance Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...and cultural movement that began in late-medieval Italy and continued for several centuries across Europe, which had wide influence on literature, art, philosophy, politics, and science. The movement developed in tandem with the invention of the printing press and changes in forms of education, so that new ideas started to migrate more freely and to be conjoined. With respect to science, theories started to be built on repeated observation, and in art and cartography, linear perspective was developed. As such, a single universal system of measuring and...
Netherlands Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...below it. Amsterdam is the largest city, with The Hague as the political capital. Dutch is the official language among its seventeen million inhabitants. The standard of living is high, and the economy highly export orientated. Rotterdam is a major European port and Schiphol an important European airport. Several Dutch companies, such as the airline KLM and the science publisher Elsevier, are global leaders in their industries. The Netherlands has a good social welfare system and its political culture contrasts with the neoliberalism prevalent in the USA...
logical empiricism Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...empiricism A philosophy of science with several strands whose core tenet is that any statement that cannot be tested empirically cannot be a part of science. Sometimes known as logical positivism , it arose in the 1920s and 1930s when groups of philosophers and mathematicians based in Berlin and Vienna decided to demarcate science from non-science. Theirs was an attempt to free human knowledge from what they regarded as the distortions of prejudice, superstition, autocracy, religious belief, and political ideology . They argued that even logic was...
reading, geography of Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...and interpreted. Reading, it is contended, is not a neutral activity but is shaped by local cultural knowledges and politics. Consequently, how a scientific idea is understood can vary between locales. David Livingstone illustrates such a spatially inflected reading of Darwin’s theory of evolution, detailing how the theory was interpreted in different ways in America, New Zealand, and Russia. Further reading Livingstone, D. N. (2005), ‘Science, text and space: thoughts on the geography of reading’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30:...
Bunge, William (1928) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...William ( 1928 – ) An American geographer who helped pioneer the spatial science approach but then went on to reject it in favour of radical geography . Bunge authored the influential book Theoretical Geography ( 1962 ), which was a manifesto for geography’s post-1945 Quantitative Revolution . By 1968 , however, he argued for a more political form of scholarship devoted to bettering the lives of the poor and disadvantaged. His Detroit ( 1968 ) and Toronto ( 1973 ) geographical expeditions were designed to dispel the ignorance (as he and...
Annales School Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...School A group of French historians named after a journal, Annales d’Histoire économique et Sociale (now Annales. Histoires, Sciences Sociales ), founded in 1929 by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre. The historiography they promoted focused on the social over the political, and rejected Marxist historical materialism because of its supposed fixation on economic processes. They were influenced by French geographer Paul Vidal de la Blache among others, and Annaliste histories paid close attention to geographical processes and to regional distinctiveness....
Critical Theory Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...to understanding advanced capitalist societies that built upon the work of Karl Marx but adapted it to the changed socio-economic, cultural, and political conditions of the post-1945 West. Sometimes known as the Frankfurt School, Critical Theory’s most famous and influential figures were Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, and Theodore Adorno, followed by Jurgen Habermas. Derek Gregory’s book Ideology , Science and Human Geography made formal use of Critical Theory and considered how space entered into its constituent claims. Gregory went on to explore the...
