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Ezra Joshua Mishan
(1917–)Ezra (E.J.) Mishan was born in Manchester in 1917. He studied at the University of Manchester (BA 1946), and then at the University of London (MSc 1949). In 1952 ...
John Elliot Cairnes
(1823–75)Cairnes was born on 26 December 1823 at Castle Bellingham, County Louth in Ireland. He died at Blackheath, Kent on 8 July 1875. His father, William Cairnes, was a ...
Piero Sraffa
(1898 –1983)An economist who was one of the earliest and most influential critics of neoclassical economics—especially in regard to the central role that neoclassicists accorded perfect competition. ...
J. R. Hicks
(1904 –1989)Hicks was one of the last economic theorists to shape the field as a whole. His contributions touched on or transformed most areas of economic theory. Hicks became ...
Werner Sombart
(1863–1941), German social scientist and economic historian.The son of a liberal industrialist, Sombart studied law, history, and political science, first in Pisa and then at the University of Berlin ...
Eli F. Heckscher
(1879–1952), Swedish economist.Heckscher obtained in 1904 a licentiate degree at Uppsala University, with a major in history and with minors in economics and political science. He then had a ...
Charles Edward Lindblom
(1917– )Lindblom was born in 1917 in Turlock, California. He received his B.A. in economics and political science from Stanford University in 1937, and his Ph.D. from the University of ...
Harold Hotelling
(1895 –1973)An American mathematician who made major contributions to economic theory. Although Hotelling wrote only ten papers that dealt directly with economics, his influence is profound. His ...
public administration
The bureaucratic systems and their procedures which serve the government and implement its policies. Hence also the field of study which describes and analyses policy development and policy ...
William Thomas Thornton
(1813–80)William T. Thorton was born in Burnham, Buckinghamshire on 14 February 1813 and died in London on 17 June 1880. Thorton was educated in Derbyshire, at the Moravian Church's ...
golden rule
UK public expenditure rule introduced in 1997 which states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending.
David Ricardo
(1772–1823)British political economist who, with Adam Smith, founded British classical economics. In 1819–23 he was an MP, supporting Free Trade, a return to the gold standard, and the repeal of the ...
Hyde Clarke
(1815–95)Clarke was born in London some time in 1815 and died there on 1 March 1895. Details of his education are lacking, but it is known that he took ...
Herbert Stanley Jevons
(1875–1955)Jevons was born in Manchester in 1875, the son of the eminent political economist William Stanley jevons. He died in 1955. He was educated at Giggleswick Grammar School, then ...
Barbara Wootton
(1897–1988)British educationalist and economist. She was created a life peer in 1958.Barbara Wootton studied at Cambridge University, where she later lectured in economics. In 1920 she became a ...
John Neville Keynes
(1852–1949)Keynes was born in Salisbury on 31 August 1852, and died in Cambridge on 15 November 1949. He was the only son of a non-conformist nurseryman who built up ...
surplus value
The excess of what workers can produce over what they need to consume. As pointed out by Karl Marx (1818–1883), surplus value is essential if economies are to be able to afford either investment or ...
logrolling
Vote trading between legislators, in order to obtain legislation or appropriations favourable to the legislator's home district, with the understanding that ‘you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours’.
Maurice Herbert Dobb
(1900–76)Dobb was born in London on 24 July 1900, and died in Cambridge on 17 August 1976. He was educated at Charterhouse and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, graduating in ...
voice
The expression of preferences by attempting to change unsatisfactory situations: this may be by voting, lobbying, or use of complaints procedures or litigation. It is contrasted with ‘exit’, which ...
