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political science

The study of the state, government, and politics. The idea that the study of politics should be ‘scientific’ has excited controversy for centuries. What is at stake is the nature of our ...

small world phenomenon

small world phenomenon  

The finding that two people A and B, chosen at random, tend to be connected by a surprisingly short acquaintanceship chain, A knowing someone who knows someone … who knows B. This helps to explain ...
continuous variable

continuous variable  

In statistics, any variable that has a continuum of possible values, so that integration rather than simple addition is required to determine cumulative probabilities of its probability distribution. ...
mind–body problem

mind–body problem  

The philosophical problem, usually attributed to the French philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) of explaining the apparent interaction of mental and physical events, which appear to belong to two ...
obedience

obedience  

A form of social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure. Experimental research into this phenomenon was pioneered by the US psychologist ...
semantic differential

semantic differential  

A device for measuring the affective or connotative meaning of words, also widely used for measuring attitudes towards other concepts and objects. It consists of a variable number of seven-point ...
Molyneux problem

Molyneux problem  

William Molyneux, an Irish surgeon, wrote to Locke: ‘Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a cube and a sphere of the same metal. Suppose then the ...
meme

meme  

A self-replicating cultural element or pattern of behaviour, analogous to a gene but passed from one individual to another by imitation rather than genetic transmission. Memes are subject to ...
consciousness

consciousness  

The state of being conscious (1, 2); the normal mental condition of the waking state of humans, characterized by the experience of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, awareness of the external world, ...
Parent–Child Relations and Their Importance for Older Adults

Parent–Child Relations and Their Importance for Older Adults   Reference library

Kyungmin Kim and Yijung Kim

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
13,885 words

... Adult children’s problems and successes: Implications for intergenerational ambivalence . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 65 , P145–P153. Birditt, K. S. , Jackey, L. M. H. , & Antonucci, T. C. (2009). Longitudinal patterns of negative relationship quality across adulthood . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 64 , P55–P64. Birditt, K. S. , Miller, L. M. , Fingerman, K. L. , & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2009). Tensions in the parent and adult child rel...

Successful Aging: History and Prospects

Successful Aging: History and Prospects   Reference library

John W. Rowe and Dawn C. Carr

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
9,126 words
Illustration(s):
1

...representation from demography, psychology, sociology, economics, political science, public policy, and public health. The group was charged with exploring the opportunities and challenges associated with aging at the societal level. John W. Rowe and Dawn C. Carr 1. The Aging Society Network is an interdisciplinary group of scholars assembled by the MacArthur Foundation in 2008. The group includes representation from demography, psychology, sociology, economics, political science, public policy, and public health. The group was charged with exploring...

A Sociocultural–Constructionist Epistemology for the Psychology of Aging

A Sociocultural–Constructionist Epistemology for the Psychology of Aging   Reference library

Roger L. Peterson and Katherine A. Lambos

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
7,431 words

...does not choose the issue to examine; the client does. The simplifications and controls that are essential to science cannot be imposed in practice. Each problem must be addressed as it occurs in nature, as an open, living process in all its complexity, often in a political context that requires certain forms of action and prohibits others … The needs of the client, not the need for general knowledge, drive the study. Instead of starting with science and applying what we know for sure, we start with the client and apply all the useful knowledge we can find. If...

Aging Societies and the Ethical Challenges of Long Life

Aging Societies and the Ethical Challenges of Long Life   Reference library

Allison R. Heid and Steven H. Zarit

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
18,677 words

...becoming a volunteer attenuate loneliness among recently widowed older adults?[ The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 73 (3), 501–510. Caspar, S. , & O’Rourke, N. (2008). The influence of care provider access to structural empowerment on individualized care in long-term-care facilities. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 63 , S255–S265. Castle, N. G. (2008). State differences and facility differences in nursing home staff turnover. Journal of Applied ...

Social Gerontology Theories: Past, Present, and Future

Social Gerontology Theories: Past, Present, and Future   Reference library

Jill Suitor, Megan Gilligan, Marissa Rurka, Yifei Hou, and Gulcin Con

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
14,636 words

...intergenerational care: Critical/political ethics of care and feminist gerontology perspectives . Agenda , 26 (4), 37–47. Brewer, M. B. , Dull, V. , & Lui, L. (1981). Perceptions of the elderly: Stereotypes as prototypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 (4), 656–670. Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist , 9 , 243–246. Calasanti, T. (2004). Feminist gerontology and old men . Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 59 (6), S305–S314. Calasanti...

Critical Role of Social–Cognitive Age Representations

Critical Role of Social–Cognitive Age Representations   Reference library

Alison Chasteen, Maria Iankilevitch, Jordana Schiralli, and Veronica Bergstrom

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
9,817 words

...and theory development . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 12 , 62–90. Barber, S. J. , & Mather, M. (2013). Stereotype threat can both enhance and impair older adults’ memory . Psychological Science , 24 , 2522–2529. Barber, S. J. , Mather, M. , & Gatz, M. (2015). How stereotype threat affects healthy older adults’ performance on clinical assessments of cognitive decline: The key role of regulatory fit . Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 70 , 891–900. Binstock, R. H. (2010). From compassionate...

Social Participation and Volunteering in Later Life

Social Participation and Volunteering in Later Life   Reference library

Nancy Morrow-Howell, Yi Wang, and Takashi Amano

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
14,656 words

...Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 69 (2), 311–324. Burr, J. A. , & Lee, H. J. (2013). Social relationships and dental care service utilization among older adults . Journal of Aging and Health , 25 (2), 191–220. Burr, J. A. , Mutchler, J. E. , & Caro, F. G. (2007). Productive activity clusters among middle-aged and older adults: Intersecting forms and time commitments . The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 62 (4), S267–S275. Butrica, B. A. , Johnson...

Social Isolation and Loneliness in Old Age

Social Isolation and Loneliness in Old Age   Reference library

Clemens Tesch-Roemer and Oliver Huxhold

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
11,846 words
Illustration(s):
1

...Switzerland: Springer. Banks, M. R. , & Banks, W. A. (2002). The effects of animal-assisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly population in long-term care facilities. Journals of Gerontology. Medical Sciences , 57A , M428–432. Beck, U. , & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Böger, A. , & Huxhold, O. (2018). Do the antecedents and consequences of loneliness change from middle adulthood into old age? Developmental Psychology , 54 , 181–197...

Cultural Values and the Nature of Successful Aging

Cultural Values and the Nature of Successful Aging   Reference library

Sandra Torres

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
8,585 words

...that people are attracted to (and the understandings of successful aging that they hold) can be explained by the political, economic, and religious systems that characterize the societies in which they live. In other words, Torres’s theoretical contribution takes into account not only the cultural nature of successful aging but also its social nature. Related to this is Inglehart’s ( 1997 ) argument that the economic and political spheres are important when we want to grasp how values are shaped, as well as Inglehart and Baker’s ( 2000 ) ...

Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, and Sequential Designs in Lifespan Developmental Psychology

Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, and Sequential Designs in Lifespan Developmental Psychology   Reference library

Susan Krauss Whitbourne

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
7,013 words
Illustration(s):
3

...of age, working memory, and response inhibition in deviance distraction: A cross-sectional study . Developmental Psychology , 52 (9), 1381–1393. Lewis, G. J. (2018). Early-childhood conduct problems predict economic and political discontent in adulthood: Evidence from two large, longitudinal UK cohorts . Psychological Science , 29 (5), 711–722. Luciano, M. , Pujals, A. M. F. , Marioni, R. E. , Campbell, A. , Hayward, C. , MacIntyre, D. J. , … Deary, I. J. (2015). Current versus lifetime depression, APOE variation, and their interaction on cognitive...

Population Aging and Globalization: The Impact of Cultural and Social Change

Population Aging and Globalization: The Impact of Cultural and Social Change   Reference library

Christopher Phillipson

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
6,009 words

... (pp. 33–51). New York, NY: Springer. Gray, J. (2010). Progressive, like the 1980s. London Review of Books , 32 , 3–7. Hagestad, G. O. , & Dannefer, D. (2001). Concepts and theories of aging: Beyond microfication in social science approaches. In R. Binstock & L. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 3–21) New York, NY: Academic Press. Hochschild, A. (2000). Global care chains and emotional surplus value. In W. Hutton & A. Giddens (Eds.), On the edge: Living with global capitalism (pp. 525–539). London, UK: Cape...

Physical Contexts and Behavioral Aging

Physical Contexts and Behavioral Aging   Reference library

Frank Oswald and Hans-Werner Wahl

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology and Aging

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2019
Subject:
Science and technology, Psychology
Length:
11,852 words
Illustration(s):
1

...In M. Diehl , K. Hooker , & M. J. Sliwinski (Eds.), Handbook of intraindividual variability across the life span (pp. 308–323). New York, NY: Routledge. Rogers, W. A. , & Fisk, A. D. (2010). Toward a psychological science of advanced technology design for older adults . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 65B , 645–653. Rowles, G. D. (1978). Prisoners of space? Exploring the geographical experience of older people . Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Geographical dimensions of social support in rural Appalachia...

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