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byproduct Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...is a byproduct of a larger shift in habits.” Noel C. Paul , “As Tastes Shift, Fast-Food Giants Swallow Hard,” Christian Science Monitor , 2 Oct. 2002 , at 1. • “Thus another significant prospective by-product [read byproduct ] of military action against Mr. Hussein could be the liberation of 22 million Iraqis from their stultifying economic and political bondage.” John Hughes , “Do Iraqis Want Invasion?,” Christian Science Monitor , 2 Oct. 2002 , at 9. ...
correctness Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...its positions with which the rest of the world invariably should agree.” Adonis Hoffman , “Increasingly, U.S. Finds Itself Whistling Alone,” Christian Science Monitor , 13 Dec. 1996 , at 18. Correctitude is a portmanteau word —a blend of correct and rectitude. It refers to what is proper in conduct or behavior, and it has moralistic overtones, especially in BrE. E.g.: • “The local political allies of the west tend to be unrepresentative, dissolute or repressive rulers. . . . Against them Islam seems to provide certainty of belief and ...
nurturance Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
... differentiation persists, then nurturance will earn a permanent position in the language. For now, it remains relatively uncommon—e.g.: • “Moral nurturance comes next, linking self-discipline to self-reliance.” Paul Rosenberg , “Examining Morals in Politics and the Media,” Christian Science Monitor , 10 June 1996 , Features §, at 14. • “Bailey sets four criteria he says are essential to proper human development: safety, wellness, nurturance and stimulation.” “Is Smart Start Getting the Critical Look It Deserves?,” News & Observer (Raleigh), ...
forum Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...at conventions and other public fora [read forums ] honors it still.” David A. Mittell Jr. , “Governors We Have Known,” Providence J.-Bull. , 15 June 2006 , at B5 (referring to former Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis ). But some writers, especially in political science and law, persist in using the Latinate plural. See plurals (b) . Current ratio in print ( forums vs. ⋆fora ): 4:1 ...
bawl out Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
..., “Fred ‘Demon’ Marsh Has Reached 100 Years Young, and Still Believes in Forward Motion,” Christian Science Monitor , 7 June 2000 , at 14. • “Ferris didn’t have anything against or know Cowan personally, but became incensed when people told her that some commissioners had ‘balled out’ [read bawled out ] a news reporter over an article she had written about possible illegalities in his campaign report.” Stephen L. Goldstein , “The Political Soap Opera,” Sun-Sentinel (Ft. Lauderdale), 12 July 2000 , at A23. Language-Change Index ⋆ball out for...
tendentious Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...A New View for Baseball,” Daily News (N.Y.), 21 Oct. 2001 , at 76. • “The reordered priorities promise a tendentious [read contentious ] fight that will test the president’s newfound political capital—and will set the tone for the 2002 midterm elections.” Francine Kiefer & Abraham McLaughlin , “Bush Budget for a Changed World,” Christian Science Monitor , 5 Feb. 2002 , USA §, at 1. • “ ‘Why Orwell Matters’ suggests that neither camp is likely to win a lasting victory in the tendentious [read contentious ] tug of war for the allegiance...
grandfather clause Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...Science Monitor , 14 Jan. 1998 , at 3. A few writers and speakers—sometimes in jest—have resorted to grandparent clause to avoid what might be perceived as sexism —e.g.: “Since she was ordained four years before the policy was issued, Spahr was sure a grandparent clause [read grandfather clause ] would protect her.” Yonat Shimron , “Gay Presbyterians Fight for Ordination,” News & Observer (Raleigh), 30 Mar. 1996 , at A1. That neutering skews the historical sense and is likely to strike most readers and listeners as too politically correct...
Abstractitis Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...meaning in such writing. An example from political science illustrates the affliction: Rosenau defines linkage as “any recurrent sequence of behavior that originates in one system and is reacted to in another.” While there remains little doubt that such linkages exist, it has nevertheless been convenient for scholars of comparative and international politics to disregard or, to use the more contemporary term, to hold constant, factors in the other sphere. Thus, for the student of international politics, the nation functions in the international...
Negatives Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
..., unsaturated ). Non- is the broadest of the prefixes, since it may precede virtually any word. It often contrasts with in- or un- in expressing a nongradable contrast, rather than the opposite end of a scale—e.g.: nonscientific (= concerned with a field other than science) as opposed to unscientific (= not in accordance with scientific principles). Anti- , of course, has the special sense “against.” A- (= not, without) appears mostly but not exclusively with Greek derivatives (e.g., theist / atheist , symmetrical / asymmetrical ) and...
opine Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
... And ⋆opinion , vb. When used as a verb, opinion is at best a needless variant of opine , at worst a nonword . E.g.: • “The court opinioned [read opined ] that people ‘might resist’ joining the guerrillas.” Stephen F. Gold , “A Travesty of Justice,” Christian Science Monitor , 3 Mar. 1992 , at 18. • “In the same edition, E.J. Montini opinioned [read opined ] that there are far worse things than flag burning to worry about.” “Worse Things to Worry About,” Ariz. Republic , 15 Mar. 1995 , at B8. • “One poster helpfully linked to the Dec...
avenge Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...FBI liaison working on the case.” Susan Marx , “A Fruitful Mix of Mystery and Romance,” Orange County Register , 27 July 1997 , at F24. • “Unable to control his combustible emotions, a man goes to prison for avenging an attack on his wife.” “Freeze Frames,” Christian Science Monitor , 12 Sept. 1997 , at 13. But the justice may also be taken upon oneself—e.g.: • “In its statement, the Islamic Jihad said it carried out the attack to avenge the deaths of more than 30 Palestinian civilians during Israeli army raids in the Gaza Strip this month...
Plain Language Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...65 ( Robert E. Egner & Lester E. Denonn eds., 1961 ). But professors have not heeded Russell’s advice. Since he wrote that essay in the mid-1950s, things have gotten much worse in fields such as biology, economics, education, law, linguistics, literary criticism, political science, psychology, and sociology. Consider the following passage from a tax statute, a 260-word tangle that is as difficult to fathom as any mathematical theorem: 57AF(11) Where, but for this sub-section, this section would, by virtue of the preceding provisions of this section...
Sexism Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
...of your readers, then you’ll almost certainly conclude that it’s best to avoid sexist language. Regardless of your political persuasion, that conclusion seems inevitable—if you’re a pragmatist. But does avoiding sexism mean resorting to awkward devices such as ⋆he/she ? Surely not, because that too would distract many readers. What you should strive for instead—if you want readers to focus on your ideas and not on the political or moral subtext—is a style that doesn’t even hint at the issue. So unless you’re involved in a debate about sexism, you’ll...
dismal Quick reference
Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (3 ed.)
...days . Soon dismal days could be any time of disaster, gloom, or depression, or the time of old age, and a person could be described as dismal by the early 16th century. In 1849 the Scottish historian and political philosopher Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) nicknamed the difficult subject of economics (then known as ‘political economy’) the dismal science...
Science Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
...radical philosophical inquiry in political and religious captivity. Its characteristic features are understatement and prudent omission. Examples from the history of science include Copernicus's sixteenth-century presentation of the heliocentric universe as a simplification of ancient Ptolemaic astronomy, Darwin's agnosticism on the implications of evolution by natural selection for the divinity of homo sapiens, and Kuhn's failure to apply his theory of paradigms and revolutions to an understanding of contemporary “Big Science.” 2. A related strategy observes...
Acronyms Quick reference
Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins (3 ed.)
...are usually political appointees, while local politics gives us the Nimby (‘not in my back yard’) from 1970. Science is full of acronyms, including for atomic particles such as the WIMP or ‘weakly interacting massive particle’ [1985]. It also gives us radar (‘radio detection and ranging’) of 1940, and the related sonar (‘sound navigation and ranging’) of 1943; the laser (‘light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation’) of 1960 and the launching in 2020 of the JUICE (‘Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer’) mission. Science fiction gives us...
Expository rhetoric and Journalism Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
...conventions of informative discourse are borrowed from popular views of science. Whereas political rhetoric proceeds from the assumption that argumentation and judgment are required to discover truth, science seems to assume that the accumulation of facts, or data, reveals truth without requiring argumentation. Thus scientific discourse ostensibly focuses not on the persuasive use of facts in argumentation, but rather on the objective production of the facts themselves. [ See Science .] Similarly, journalists claim to report news objectively. The conventions...
Controversy Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
...opinion are conveyed across fields of knowledge, political systems, and alternative cultures. Controversy seems to be one of the defining features of the age, yet it remains one of the least studied or understood communication phenomena of our time. There are several reasons for the prevalence of controversy. With the spread of modernist institutions came the development and use of technologies that challenged traditional forms of life, thereby destabilizing traditional forms of consensus. Modern medical science, for example, makes possible interventions that...
Prudence Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
...most sought after virtues for restoration in modern times. Modern ideas of prudence connote caution, shrewdness, and the proposal of policies that reflect calculated self-interest, thus removing it from the sphere of ethics and situating it in politics. Recent scholarship in the fields of rhetoric, political science, education, and intellectual history has sought to recover the ethical, intellectual, and practical dimensions of prudence (Gk. phronēsis ; Lat. prudentia ) by returning to its earlier use in Greek philosophy and by the Renaissance humanists....
Politics Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
...political accomplishment of a participatory democracy, in theory and practice, rested on the bond between politics and rhetoric. Aristotle ( 384–322 bce ) formalized this bond in On Rhetoric , when he placed rhetoric under the ethical branch of politics. The ancient union of politics with rhetoric is distinctive for its emphasis on the former as a practical art. Whereas the modern science of politics often focuses on the structural, economic, and legal features of institutional relations associated with power, the rhetorical concern of politics...
