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L. Jonathan Cohen
(1923– ).Oxford philosopher who, after early work on political philosophy, has contributed widely to the philosophy of science, of induction and probability, and of language, among other areas. One ...
Jon Elster
(1940– )Norwegian social and political philosopher, currently Robert K. Merton professor of social sciences at Columbia University. Elster has ranged widely over political philosophy, rational choice ...
Rupert Crawshay-Williams
(1908–77)Rupert Crawshay-Williams was born in London on 23 February 1908 and died in the Ardudwy district of west Wales on 12 June 1977. The great-grandson of T. H. Huxley ...
historical explanation
The central question is whether the form of explanation in history is typically the same as that of the natural sciences. Principal proponents of the claim that there is no essential difference ...
naturalism, Scientific
Scientific naturalism is the view that everything can be understood in ways continuous with the natural sciences. Though early scientific naturalists resisted charges of atheism, the success of the ...
William Whewell
(1794–1866)English philosopher of science and polymath, of whom the essayist Sydney Smith (1771–1845) said ‘science is his forte, and omniscience is his foible’. Whewell was a lifelong Fellow of ...
Michael Oakeshott
(1901–92).British philosopher, who read history at Cambridge and taught it there for many years before taking the chair of political science at the London School of Economics in 1950. ...
John Patrick de Cormelie Day
(1919–99)Patrick Day was born in Cairo on 9 January 1919 and died on 29 October 1999 in Wythenshawe, Greater Manchester. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and at Magdalen ...
Robert Silcock Downie
(1933–)R. S. (Robin) Downie was born in Glasgow on 19 April 1933. He was educated at the High School of Glasgow and the Universities of Glasgow and Oxford. At ...
principle of causal uniformity
A combination of the principle of the uniformity of nature, with the view that the laws of nature are causal laws, prescribing which events have which effects. Russell held that the mathematical ...
social philosophy
The attempt to understand and to chart the basic categories with which to think about the social aspects of human life. Topics given separate discussions include anarchism, authority, class (social), ...
Eric Walter Frederick Tomlin
(1913–88)E. W. F. Tomlin was born in Croydon on 30 January 1913 and died in London on 16 January 1988. He was educated at Whitgift School and at Brasenose ...
Stephan Körner
(1913–2000)Stephan Körner was born in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia on 26 September 1913 and died in Bristol on or before 18 August 2000. He was educated at Charles University in Prague. ...
Herbert Arthur Hodges
(1905–76)H. A. Hodges was born in Sheffield on 4 January 1905 and died in Reading on 2 July 1976. He was educated at King Edward VII Grammar School, Sheffield ...
philosophy of economics
The basic questions of economics blend with those of political philosophy and ethics. Perhaps the most fundamental concern is whether we can compare and measure different levels of well-being in ...
Philosophy of History
Reflection upon the nature of history, or of historical thinking. The term was used in the 18th century (e.g. by Voltaire) to mean critical historical thinking, as opposed to the mere collection and ...
Karl Popper
(1902–94).British (originally Austrian) philosopher, whose considerable reputation rests on his philosophy of science and his political philosophy. In his early work he was associated with the ...
Peter Guy Winch
(1926–97)Peter Winch was born in London on 14 January 1926 and died in Illinois in April 1997. He was educated at Leyton County High School. During World War II ...
Ian Hacking
(1936– )Canadian philosopher, educated at British Columbia and Trinity College, Cambridge, and now centred in Toronto and Paris where he holds a Chair at the Collège de France. Hacking has written ...
Richard Bevan Braithwaite
(1900–90)Cambridge philosopher of science and probability. His major work Scientific Explanation (1955) takes a forthright empiricist line, derived from Hume and Ramsey, in the philosophy of ...
