Conflict Management Reference library
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Patrick M. Regan
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...can be addressed within the confines of a competing set of preferences, and how information that is held closely by one can influence the expectations and behavior of another. The study of the management of militarized conflict, moreover, has corollaries in labor relations, interpersonal communication, and intrafamily relationships. Put differently, the management of armed conflict is a subset of a broader range of conflicts to be managed, albeit with different outcomes and often the potential for much graver consequences. Our approach in this essay will be to...
Leadership and Foreign Policy Analysis Reference library
Thomas Preston
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...massive databases of world leaders, and run comparisons across leaders, their characteristics, and a wide range of other leadership dimensions (see Young 2000 ) has led not only to Hermann’s work resulting in a large academic literature, but also to it being widely used throughout the US government by the practitioner community. The LTA approach uses the spontaneous interview responses of leaders to code for seven specific individual characteristics: need for power, conceptual complexity, task versus interpersonal focus, self-confidence, locus of control,...
Computer Simulations in the Classroom Reference library
Andrew Blum
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...involved in the simulation. This benefit comes into play if students are interacting with the computer as a group, which is often the case in human-computer simulations. Holsbring-Engels ( 1997 ) cites other advantages that the computer offers as a tool for building interpersonal skills, one element of affective learning. In particular, she discusses the ability of students to start alone with the computer to build confidence and the ability of the computer to slow interactions down in a way that allows for more reflective learning. Regarding student...
Experiential Learning and Learning Styles Reference library
Eric Cox
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...uses for ideas and theories. They have the ability to solve problems and make decisions based on finding solutions to questions or problems. Individuals with a Converging learning style prefer to deal with technical tasks and problems rather than with social issues and interpersonal issues. These learning skills are important for effectiveness in specialist and technology careers. In formal learning situations, people with this style prefer to experiment with new ideas, simulations, laboratory assignments, and practical applications. • Accommodating :...
Teaching about the Global Political Economy Reference library
Kimberly A. Weir and Vicki L. Golich
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...active learning “focuses on skill development, the integration and use of knowledge, and the cultivation of lifelong learning” ( Garvin 1991 :8). Effective active learning strategies require students to rehearse “critical skill competencies – including oral, written, and interpersonal communication, as well as computer and information literacy – in the process of articulating their own discoveries, ideas, and analyses” ( Golich 1997 :64). Along the way, students reinforce course content by using virtually every “intelligence” dimension ( Gardner 1996 )....
Ecofeminism and Global Environmental Politics Reference library
Juliann Emmons Allison
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...the current environmental crisis quickly and appropriately. Most recently, in Beyond Mothering Earth: Ecological Citizenship and the Politics of Care ( 2006 ), Sherilyn MacGregor seeks to elevate women’s citizenship and civic action without jeopardizing the centrality of interpersonal relationships and care work to many women’s motivations for environmental activism. Gender and Global Environmental Politics: Ecofeminist Contributions As both an ecological philosophy and a social movement, ecofeminism embodies a multifaceted critique of global environmental...
Designing and Using Simulations and Role-Play Exercises Reference library
Carolyn M. Shaw
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...the participants are usually given fewer prescribed roles in terms of preferences and objectives. Students must work to develop their character and think about how s/he would respond to the given set of circumstances. Interactions within role-playing exercises are more interpersonal (i.e., conducting interviews) than they are goal-oriented (i.e., negotiating a treaty). Role play allows students to “inhabit the issue (making it more real and immediate) and think beyond their own perspectives” ( Scott 2001 :347). Role-playing exercises typically involve...
Ethnic Identities and Boundaries: Anthropological, Psychological, and Sociological Approaches Reference library
Landon E. Hancock
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...while dysfunctional individuals have difficulty differentiating themselves from their environments and are out of touch with their own inner needs ( Watson and Greenberg 1998 ). While Gestalt theory focuses largely on the internal element of this dialectic of the self, interpersonal systems theories, as espoused by Sullivan, posit that the nature of identity and personality is largely determined by the external element in this dialectic ( Sullivan 1953 ; Gold and Bacigalupe 1998 ). Like systems theories, humanistic theories of the self and personality...
Highly Skilled Migration Reference library
Brad K. Blitz
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...caused” migration which has developed our understanding of the relationships between migrations, both in terms of time sequence and substance. According to Massey, migrations create networks, which then generate new migrations. Networks in this context are “sets of interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants and non-migrants in origin and destination areas through the bonds of kinship, friendship and shared community origin” ( Massey 1998 ). The logic is that networks help to reduce the risks and costs of migration and support new...
Explaining Why People Move: Intra and Interdisciplinary Debates about the Causes of International Migration Reference library
Deniz Sert
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...migration is an individual or household decision to maximize benefits or minimize risks, or a result of the structural inequalities of the markets or the global world, or environmental hazards, migration involves people, and people mean communication. Migrants have sets of interpersonal ties that connect them with former migrants, and non-migrants, both in the origin and in the destination areas, which naturally evolve through kinship, friendship, and/or shared community origin. According to the social network theory , these ties provide the migrants with...
Foreign Policy Analysis: Origins (1954–93) and Contestations Reference library
Valerie M. Hudson
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...attempt to typologize leaders with specific reference to foreign policy dispositions ( 1970 , 1978 ). Using a modified operational code framework in conjunction with content analysis, she is able to compare and contrast leaders’ beliefs, motivations, decisional styles, and interpersonal styles. Furthermore, Hermann integrates this information into a more holistic picture of the leader, who may belong to one of six distinct “foreign policy orientations.” Orientation allows her to make more specific projections about a leader’s behavior in a variety of...
Interventions/Uses of Force Short of War Reference library
Brandon C. Prins
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...his data collection effort for Statistics of Deadly Quarrels involved multiple kinds of armed struggles. The 779 cases of dyadic fatal quarrels include riots, civil conflict, and full-scale interstate wars. Few today would accept that the sources of violent conflict at an interpersonal level are the same forces driving nation-states into deadly quarrels, but the Armed Conflict Dataset produced jointly by the University of Uppsala and the Peace Research Institute of Oslo does not limit cases only to those between recognized nation-states in the global system....
Transnational Human Rights Networks: Significance and Challenges Reference library
Hans Peter Schmitz
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...2005). A core contribution of the social movement literature is the claim that “forming transnational movements is not easy” (Tarrow 2005:7), a claim echoing Roht-Arriaza’s view that successful campaigns are the exception and rely on a measure of serendipitous events. Dense interpersonal networks are a condition for successful collective action ( Loveman 1998 ) and those networks are much less prevalent across national borders. Perceived threats to national security represent a core explanation for a lack of human rights progress ( Hawkins 2002 ; Cardenas ...
Race, Ethnicity, and Nation Reference library
Polly Rizova and John Stone
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...close and intimate interracial networks. In an attempt to resolve these contradictory interpretations, Telles proposes that a more nuanced analysis is called for so as to reveal the complex combinations of similarities and differences between the two societies. Clearly, interpersonal relations appear to be far more fluid in the Brazilian case, a blurred boundary along the range of a color continuum that distinguishes between blacks, browns, and whites, but also recognizes a kaleidoscope of variations within and between these categories. If Brazilians in...
Small Group Effects on Foreign Policy Decision Making Reference library
Jean A. Garrison
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...49–98. Preston, T. , and Hermann, M.G. (2006) Leadership, Expertise, and Foreign Policy Decision Making. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, Mar. 22–5. Raven, B.H. (1990) Political Applications of the Psychology of Interpersonal Influence and Social Power. Political Psychology 11 (3), 493–520. Redd, S. (2002) The Influence of Advisors on Foreign Policy Decision Making. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (3), 335–64. Renshon, S.A. , and Larson, D.W. (eds.) (2003) Good Judgment in Foreign Policy:...
The Practice Turn in International Relations Theory Reference library
Jérémie Cornut
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...practice turners call symbolic domination: “as a form of immediate adherence, a field's doxa is obeyed not only by dominant agents who benefit from it but also by the dominated ones who clearly do not” ( Pouliot 2008 :275). For instance, informal practices, social norms, and interpersonal relations constantly inform diplomatic negotiations and decision-making processes. Those who have mastered the informal rules of the game often have a comparative advantage and are able to promote the interests of their country more efficiently. Ambrosetti ( 2009 ; 2012 )...
Methodological Developments in Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Migration Research Reference library
Victor Asal, Stephen Shellman, and Tiffiany Howard
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...out: One possible explanation for the non-significance of inequality in civil war cross country regressions is that most authors are using the wrong measure of inequality. First, the Gini index does not measure changes in the distribution of income across groups. […] While inter-personal economic inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient might be a relevant indicator to measure the average person’s proneness to join a class-based revolution against a government with failed redistributive policies, a more appropriate measure of inequality to analyze the...
Reciprocity in International Studies Reference library
Mark J.C. Crescenzi, Rebecca H. Best, and Bo Ram Kwon
The International Studies Encyclopedia
.... Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Oskamp, S. (1971) Effects of Programmed Strategies on Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma and Other Mixed-Motive Games. Journal of Conflict Resolution 15 (2), 225–59. Pruitt, D.G. (1969) Stability and Sudden Change in Interpersonal and International Affairs. Journal of Conflict Resolution 13 (1), 18–38. Rajmaira, S. (1997) Indo-Pakistani Relations: Reciprocity in Long-Term Perspective. International Studies Quarterly 41 (3), 547–60. Rajmaira, S. , and Ward, M.D. (1990) Evolving Foreign Policy Norms:...
Feminist Perspectives on Foreign Policy Reference library
Anne-Marie D'Aoust
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...if one were to stop considering “the individual” and think in terms of embodied men and women ( England and Kilbourne 1990 ; Friedman and Diem 1990 ). Assumptions about the prominence of selfishness to the detriment of emotional connections, the impossibility of interpersonal utility comparisons, the unchanging and exogenous tastes and the given rationality of individuals were put under attack by England and Kilbourne. However, both the fact that the essay was targeted at a limited sociology audience and the reality that those interested in women and gender...
Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking Reference library
Nadejda K. Marinova
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...in the United States, Zhang et al. ( 2007 ) argue that the different contexts account for greater possibilities for women to occupy a meaningful niche in the human smuggling business. This role of women is the result of a variety of factors, including the importance of interpersonal networks, ideologies about caregiving, as well as the low level of violence associated with human smuggling ( Zhang et al. 2007 ). Violence, while sometimes present, is not an inherent feature of human smuggling ( Kyle and Scarcelli 2009 ). Country Studies on Smuggling A great...
