Pareto principle Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...these assumptions are empirically questionable, and probably embody value-judgements about well-being and satisfaction, they are somewhat controversial. It has also been argued that they constitute a rather weak basis for welfare judgements, since they explicitly forbid interpersonal comparisons, are concerned entirely with the subjective choices of individuals, and privilege the position occupied by the status quo (since any move from the status quo which was vetoed by one person would not be considered a Pareto-improvement). Most sociologists object to...
Critical ESL Education in Canada Reference library
Sunny Man Chu Lau
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Race and Education
...children who were often misdiagnosed by teachers and psychologists as having learning disabilities when their English oral fluency was not matched with their performance in classroom or formal assessment ( Cummins, 1980 ). The findings led to the distinction between Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP), whereby immigrant learners might take a shorter time to attain everyday surface communication skills (i.e., BICS) but at least 5 years to meet grade expectations in conceptual and literacy skills...
Black Feminism and Black Women’s Interactions With Faculty in Higher Education Reference library
Monica Allen, April Smith, and Sandra Dika
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Race and Education
...& Dika, S. L. (2020). Available but not approachable: Black business students’ interactions with faculty at a historically White institution. Journal of Underrepresented and Minority Progress , 4 (2), 229–250. Allen, W. R. (1985). Black student, White campus: Structural, interpersonal, and psychological correlates of success. Journal of Negro Education , 54 (2), 134–147. Allen, W. R. , & Jewell, J. O. (2002). A backward glance forward: Past, present, and future perspectives on historically Black colleges and universities. Review of Higher Education , ...
Bicultural, Bilingual, and Bimodal Deaf Education Reference library
Gabrielle Jones
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Race and Education
...in one native language to make the transfer to another language. Cummins ( 1984 ) reiterated the underlying foundation of a first language as a bridge to second language learning, describing the process of becoming native users in a first language first from a Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills, which on average takes about 2 or 3 years to master, to a Cognitive Academic Language proficiency, which requires 5–7 years to complete. Most hearing students will have had the social foundation at home prior to school entry, allowing them to come...
Asian American and Pacific Islander Children Reference library
Valerie Ooka Pang, Benjamin Chang, Yoon K. Pak, Audrey Hokoda, Noreen Naseem Rodríguez, and Esther June Kim
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Race and Education
...C. , & Wong, M. C. (1986). The extraordinary educational attainment of Asian-Americans: A search for historical evidence and explanations . Social Forces , 65 (1), 1–27. Ho, J. (2008). Community violence exposure of Southeast Asian American adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 23 (1), 136–146. Homma, Y. , & Saewyc, E. M. (2007.). The emotional well-being of Asian-American sexual minority youth in school . Journal of LGBT Health Research , 3 (1), 67–78. Hsin, A. , & Xie, Y. (2014). Explaining Asian Americans’ academic advantage...
Children Reference library
Erin E. Fleming, Jennifer L. Koosed, Pierre Brulé, Christian Laes, Chris Frilingos, Karina Martin Hogan, John W. Martens, and Melvin G. Miller
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...the scholarship of the New Testament. When Jesus instructs his followers to become like “a little child” ( paidion ; Mark 10:15 ; see too Matt 18:3 , 19:14 ), what does the comparison to childhood mean? The theme of becoming like children can be found in closely related extracanonical Gospels (see, e.g., Gos. Thom. 22; Gos. Eg., 2 Clem 12.2–6). Some have taken the comparison to childhood to refer to a presexual state ( Bakke, 2005 , pp. 104–105; Crossan, 1991 , pp. 266–269.) A gesture to children is meant to evoke the absence of sexuality. A caveat...
Imagery, Gendered Reference library
Elizabeth W. Goldstein, Ken Stone, Julia M. O’Brien, Carole R. Fontaine, Greg Carey, Michal Beth Dinkler, and Susan Grove Eastman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...the comparison is drawn (also called the “frame”) govern the “target domain” under consideration. According to Lakoff, metaphors are not simply rhetorical devices but structures in which we think. They thus serve ideological functions, perpetuating the power dynamics inherent in the source domain and limiting perceptions of the target domain. Seen in this light, the imputation of heteronormative gender to other categories of human existence serves to normalize and naturalize heteronormativity itself. Prophetic literature crafts myriad individual comparisons (at...
Popular Religion and Magic Reference library
Jo-Ann Scurlock, Ann Jeffers, Pauline Hanesworth, Nicola Denzey Lewis, Jared C. Calaway, Mika Ahuvia, and Justin Marc Lasser
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...abundant after the fourth century c.e . Both insider and outsider evidence describe ritual practitioners as individuals who wield power over and against demons, other divine powers, and other practitioners. Outsider evidence casts women as witches particularly concerned with interpersonal matters and describes them as repellant to the divine. Their magic is portrayed as both dangerously efficacious and, at the same time, fraudulent. Key Vocabulary. In early Jewish sources, the two relevant terms that remained in use from the Hebrew Bible are keshafim ...
Same-Sex Relations Reference library
David Tabb Stewart, Thomas K. Hubbard, Anthony Corbeill, Lynn R. Huber, David Brodsky, and Valerie Abrahamsen
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...no control over their own bodies, they were subject to regular abuse and exploitation ( Dynes, 1990 , p. 1121; Dynes, 1992 , pp. xiii–xiv; Martin, 2005 , pp. 221–228). Members of the elite strata of society, especially men, controlled most social situations, including interpersonal and sexual relationships, and most of the literature that has survived antiquity was written by such men. Underlying philosophies and traditions, such as active and passive roles, the patronage system, and honor and shame ( Brooten, 1996 , pp. 208–212), all of which may be...
