violence Reference library
John M. Last, George Dunea, and Terence Conway
The Oxford Companion to Medicine (3 ed.)
...where suicide is the most severe manifestation. • Interpersonal violence between individuals. This includes domestic violence, violence among acquaintances, and violence between strangers, as in robbery with violence. • Organized violence, which is planned to achieve political, social, or economic ends. This includes riots, civil disturbances, and in its most extreme form, armed conflict, that is war . Over 560 000 deaths annually world-wide, about 1.1% of all deaths, are due to interpersonal violence. Homicide rates of over 40 per 100 000 per annum...
Neuroendocrine Influences on Human Sexuality Reference library
Ashlyn Swift-Gallant and S. Marc Breedlove
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems
...circumstances in which the phallus of a newborn was ablated or otherwise presented as abnormal (e.g., accidental penile ablation during circumcision or abnormal penis development due to cloacal exstrophy), the boy would be “better off” raised as a girl due to possible socio-interpersonal ramifications associated with having abnormal genitalia. As a consequence, several boys were surgically altered to appear female-typical (e.g., castration/ vaginoplasty), and parents were instructed to raise their child as a girl. This form of experimentation did not work as...
Cardiac Vagal Tone and Stress Reference library
Kevin T. Larkin, Alaina G. Tiani, and Leah A. Brown
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems
...and a sympathetically mediated fight or flight response is insufficient. Through the evolution of an advanced vagally mediated calming response, organisms could exhibit essential physiological and behavioral responses required for effective emotion regulation, forming interpersonal attachments, and communicating with others in their social environments. According to Porges ( 2007 ) , the physiological responses mediated by the advanced vagal nerve include inhibition of the SNS response to stress, including the modulation of the...
Behavioral Neuroendocrinology of Female Aggression Reference library
Natalia Duque-Wilckens and Brian C. Trainor
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems
...blood and ovarian levels of sex steroids in the lactating rat. Endocrinology Japan , 29 , 453–459. Thornton, A. J. V. , Graham-Kevan, N. , & Archer, J. (2012). Prevalence of women’s violent and nonviolent offending behavior: A comparison of self-reports, victims’ reports, and third-party reports. Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 27 , 1399–1427. Toda, K. , Saibara, T. , Okada, T. , Onishi, S. , & Shizuta, Y. (2001). A loss of aggressive behaviour and its reinstatement by oestrogen in mice lacking the aromatase gene (Cyp19). Journal of Endocrinology...
Maternal Behavior From a Neuroendocrine Perspective Reference library
Danielle S. Stolzenberg, Kimberly L. Hernandez-D’Anna, Oliver J. Bosch, and Joseph S. Lonstein
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems
...of estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) on mouse reproductive phenotypes. Development , 127 (19), 4277–4291. Eapen, V. , Dadds, M. , Barnett, B. , Kohlhoff, J. , Khan, F. , Radom, N. , & Silove, D. M. (2014). Separation anxiety, attachment and inter-personal representations: Disentangling the role of oxytocin in the perinatal period . PloS One , 9 (9), e107745. Edwards, D. P. (2000). The role of coactivators and corepressors in the biology and mechanism of action of steroid hormone receptors. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology...
Depression Among Athletes and the Potential Impact on Performance Reference library
Zella Moore, Jamie Leboff, and Kehana Bonagura
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...significant contributor is interpersonal difficulties, particularly those resulting from ongoing efforts at seeking both negative feedback and reassurance from others, irritability, behavioral displays of hostility and anger, and social skill deficits ( APA, 2013 ; Joiner & Timmons, 2009 ; LeMoult, Castonguay, Joormann, & McAleavey, 2013 ). These contributing factors are often long-lasting, due to the vicious cycle between depression and interpersonal/social supports. Namely, because individuals experiencing interpersonal discord often have fewer social...
Bullying in Sport and Performance Psychology Reference library
Leslee A. Fisher and Lars Dzikus
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
... Steinfeldt, Vaughan, LaFollette, and Steinfeldt ( 2012 ) . Bullying falls under the larger umbrella of interpersonal violence ( reachout.com, 2016 ) and is marked by an imbalance of power. Interpersonal violence happens when one person deploys control and power over another via emotional, physical, or sexual actions or threats, isolation, economic control, or other coercive behavior ( reachout.com, 2016 ). Bullying is just one type of interpersonal violence; other types include gang violence, youth violence, sexual violence, date/relationship violence,...
Developing Athletes in the Context of Sport and Performance Psychology Reference library
Luc J. Martin, David J. Hancock, and Jean Côté
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...type of activity, the behaviors of a coach and their relations to their players will influence athletes’ personal assets and the Three Ps. In fact, this is highlighted by a comprehensive definition of effective coaching: “The consistent application of integrated professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge to improve athletes’ competence, confidence, connection, and character in specific coaching contexts” ( Côté & Gilbert, 2009 , p. 316). Peers. The desire for affiliation and belonging are powerful motivators for youth participation (e.g., Smith,...
Humanistic Theory in Sport, Performance, and Sports Coaching Psychology Reference library
Rebecca K. Dickinson, Tristan J. Coulter, and Clifford J. Mallett
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...has been suggested to be a rare experience for athletes, but one that can be facilitative in achieving therapeutic goals (e.g., determining career and life paths) ( Walker, 2010 ). In regard to the training of sport psychologists, the importance of supervisors modeling these interpersonal (cf. client-centered therapy) aspects has also been highlighted ( Andersen & Speed, 2010 ). In addition to specific reference to the influence of humanistic principles in informing the therapeutic relationship in sport and performance psychology where humanistic theory has arguably...
Psychological Considerations of Adolescents in Sport and Performance Reference library
Katherine A. Tamminen and Courtney Braun
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...having few close friends in sport, having a poor relationship with coaches, and having low perceptions of a task motivational climate ( Balish, McLaren, Rainham, & Blanchard, 2014 ). The authors noted that many of the reasons associated with youth sport dropout concern interpersonal relationships and social-psychological factors. In a study exploring social relationships and youth sport dropout, Ullrich-French and Smith ( 2009 ) reported that adolescent athletes who reported greater perceived competence and more positive friendships in sport were more...
Goal Setting in Sport and Performance Reference library
Laura Healy, Alison Tincknell-Smith, and Nikos Ntoumanis
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...goals. In comparison, the success- and failure-oriented goal-setting styles are based on a premise that talent and competence are limited, with success normally being defined in relation to competitive outcomes or comparisons with others. As a result, athletes with these styles are likely to set outcome goals, followed by performance and process goals. The primary distinction between these two styles comes in athletes’ perceptions of their ability. Specifically, success-oriented athletes are likely to perform well in competition in comparison to their...
Psychological Considerations for Paralympic Athletes Reference library
Jeffrey Martin
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...Jonathon Katz, the Paralympic experience is an intense, exciting, unremitting emotional roller coaster. It is also unforgiving and abrasive. ( Katz, 2007 , p. 28) Katz also reported that at the 2004 Athens Paralympic Games the two most common presenting issues were interpersonal (21%) and performance preparation issues (18%), providing further evidence that athletes have to prepare to manage challenges that on the surface are unrelated to their sport, yet can undoubtedly influence their performance. At the same time it is important to acknowledge that...
Alcohol Abuse and Drug Use in Sport and Performance Reference library
Matthew P. Martens
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...four or more drinks for women in a single sitting) and more than 25% reported three or more binge-drinking episodes in the preceding 2 weeks. Comparison rates for those not participating in formal athletics were 38%–43% for at least one binge-drinking episode and 16%–21% for at least three binge-drinking episodes. College athletes were also more likely than nonathletes to report a host of academic, legal, and interpersonal difficulties associated with their alcohol use. A more recent study showed that college athletes at all competitive levels (intramural, club,...
Emotional Self-Regulation in Sport and Performance Reference library
Claudio Robazza and Montse C. Ruiz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...and the regulation of other’s emotions, namely extrinsic or interpersonal emotion regulation ( Campos, Walle, Dahl, & Main, 2011 ; Friesen et al., 2013 ). The first type of regulation, also called emotion self-regulation, has received most research attention and is the focus of this article. Emotion regulation is part of the broader construct of self-regulation, which generally describes the efforts made to manage one’s inner states such as thoughts, feelings, actions, or interpersonal processes that are deliberately planned and adapted to the...
Religion and Spirituality in Sport Reference library
Ivo Jirásek
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...values, for example, overcoming one’s limitations by maximum performance, courage, honesty, friendly bonds with opponents, and principles of fair play. Spirituality in sport should be visible in the natural dimension of the personal authenticity of players and referees, interpersonal relationships, the search for deeper meanings in such activities, and transcendence in the level of celebration. Religion transcends human (including spiritual) ways of being; it means profane, into the sphere of deity and sacral otherness. The spiritual dimension of sport should...
Psychological Considerations for Children and Adolescents in Sport and Performance Reference library
Mary Fry and Candace M. Hogue
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...commitment and persistence. An ego-involving climate runs counter to these expected positive outcomes and can even be directly detrimental as in the case of the higher dropout rate. Interpersonal Relationships. A prominent finding within the current research on young athletes is that when athletes experience a caring and task-involving climate they have better interpersonal relationships with their teammates and coaches. Smith, Smoll, and Curtis ( 1978 , 1979 ) and Smith, Smoll, and Hunt ( 1977 ) were among the first to present these findings. They...
Prevalence, Measurement, and Experience of Eating Disorders in Sport and Retirement Reference library
Trent A. Petrie
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...G. , & Anderson, J. (2014). Eating disorders in female athletes: Use of screening tools. Current Sports Medicine Reports , 13 , 214–218. Lavallee, D. , Gordon, S. , & Grove, J. R. (1997). Retirement from sport and the loss of athletic identity. Journal of Personal & Interpersonal Loss , 2 , 129–147. Lipson, S. , & Sonneville, K. (2017). Eating disorder symptoms among undergraduate and graduate students at 12 U.S. colleges and universities . Eating Behaviors , 24 , 61–68. Ljungqvist, A. , Jenoure, P. , Engebretsen, L. , Alonso, J. M. , Bahr...
Sociocultural Aspects of Sport Injury and Recovery Reference library
Diane M. Wiese-Bjornstal
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...and across, as indicated by the bidirectional arrow along the left side ( Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 2015 ). Beginning with the innermost sphere representing the intrasystem or interpersonal aspects of individual athletes that affect sport injury outcomes (e.g., attitudes toward playing with pain), the spheres move out to the broader social networks through the microsystem or interpersonal sphere of sport relationships (e.g., coach expectations for toughness), the mesosystem or institutional sphere of sport organizations (e.g., the sport team’s medical services),...
Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Reference library
Britton W. Brewer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...343–364. Brewer, B. W. (1994). Review and critique of models of psychological adjustment to athletic injury. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 6 , 87–100. Brewer, B. W. (1999a). Causal attribution dimensions and adjustment to sport injury. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss , 4 , 215–224. Brewer, B. W. (1999b). Adherence to sport injury rehabilitation regimens. In S. J. Bull (Ed.), Adherence issues in sport and exercise (pp. 145–168). Chichester, UK: Wiley. Brewer, B. W. (2004). Psychological aspects of rehabilitation. In G. S. Kolt...
Psychological Considerations for the Older Athlete Reference library
Bradley W. Young, Bettina Callary, and Scott Rathwell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...modes of healthy active aging (also see Langley & Knight, 1999 ) as well as psychological benefits, such as perceived control and independence ( Baker et al., 2010 ). Their review also acknowledged potential maladaptive outcomes, including frustration, fear of age decline, interpersonal conflicts, amotivation, and self-pressure. They concluded that it was unclear whether outcomes were solely related to sport participation and did not deny that similar outcomes could be obtained from other forms of physical activity. Adaptation and Compensation. Finally, there...
