descriptive Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar (2 ed.)
... aims of usage books. See also descriptivism ; linguistics ; synchronic linguistics . 3. Semantics . (In some classifications of meaning . ) Descriptive meaning is similar to denotative , cognitive , or referential meaning . Contrasted with attitudinal and interpersonal meaning. Compare ideational . See also communicative meaning ; conative ; connotation ; emotive ; illocutionary meaning...
Communication Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
...people use to influence each other in interpersonal situations. [ See Persuasion .] With the growing popularity of the human potential movement and associated therapeutic conceptions of communication in the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional focus of communication research on persuasion and social influence processes was criticized. As an alternative to such manipulative, “rhetorical” uses of communication, research was needed to promote more humane and therapeutic functions of communication such as interpersonal bonding, group cooperation, and conflict...
Fallacies Reference library
Encyclopedia of Rhetoric
.... Oxford, 1992. Walton, Douglas N. A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy . Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1995. Walton, Douglas N. Fallacies Arising from Ambiguity . Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1996. Walton, Douglas N. , and Erik C. W. Krabbe . Commitment in Dialogue. Basic Concepts of Interpersonal Reasoning . New York, 1995. — Frans H. van...
Argument Structure and Morphology Reference library
Jim Wood and Neil Myler
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology
...for deriving ‘kill’ from ‘cause to die’ in Japanese. In J. P. Kimball (Ed.), Syntax and semantics (Vol. 1, pp. 125–137). New York, NY: Academic Press. Shibatani, M. , & Pardeshi, P. (2002). The causative continuum. In M. Shibatani (Ed.), Grammar of causation and interpersonal manipulation (pp. 85–126). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. Sigurðsson, E. F. (2017). Deriving case, agreement and voice phenomena in syntax (Doctoral dissertation). University of Pennsylvania. Spathas, G. , Alexiadou, A. , & Schäfer, F. (2015). Middle voice...
Morphology in Arawak Languages Reference library
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology
... & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages (Vol. 3, pp. 355–499). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton Payne, D. L. (2002). Causatives in Ashéninka: The case for a sociative source. In M. Shibatani (Ed.), Causatives: The grammar of causation and interpersonal manipulation (pp. 485–505). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. Payne, J. K. (1989). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma Ashéninca . Série Lingüística Peruana 28. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico del Verano. Pet, W. J. A. (1987). Lokono Dian, the Arawak...
First Language Acquisition of Morphology Reference library
Dorit Ravid
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Morphology
...devices, preschoolers first mark agent and instrument nouns in spontaneous and elicited productions ( Clark & Berman, 1984 ), followed by place and collective morphology during the school years ( Ravid, 2004 ; Ravid, Avivi-Ben Zvi, & Levie, 1999 ). Maturing cognitive and interpersonal skills and the consolidation of linguistic literacy usher in abstract reasoning and increasing analytic capability ( Crone, 2009 ; Fortman, 2003 ; Lee et al., 2018 ; Ravid & Tolchinsky, 2002 ), which find expression in complex words typical of written, academic language...
Web 1.0/Web 2.0 Quick reference
The Oxford Companion to the English Language (2 ed.)
...centring around shared interests in people, events, or organizations. Web 2.0 environments are also increasingly multimodal, with users relying on both language (text) and other semiotic resources (image, sound) for the exchange of information and the negotiation of interpersonal relationships. With respect to linguistic scholarship online this shift has been important: not only has it prompted a flurry of scholarship on these new environments and new usages, but the increased social nature of the web has prompted an upsurge in research on identity,...
face Reference library
Encyclopedia of Semiotics
...expression continues apace, driven not only by intellectual curiosity but also by the belief that discoveries in this field might find application in a variety of areas including communication processes in general, psychiatry and health‐care, and the social psychology of interpersonal relations. There has been considerable progress evident in the systematic accumulation of knowledge, especially since the late 1970s. New technological developments such as digital‐image analysis and computerized “morphing” methods might accelerate this progress even further....
pictorial semiotics Reference library
Encyclopedia of Semiotics
...analysis of pictorial signs remains open to debate. The Australian School, focused on the work of Michael O'Toole ( 1994 ), derives its principles from the linguistic theory of M. A. K. Halliday , in which every work realizes some alternative from among the ideational, interpersonal, and textual “macro‐functions” that O'Toole, borrowing from traditional art criticism, renames the representational, modal, and compositional functions. The first function relates to the participants and processes in the real world, the second concerns the way in which this...
phrasal verbs Reference library
Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage (4 ed.)
... drop off (= drop, fall; ‘It is expected that by that time the usual afternoon temperatures of about 90° will have started to drop off ’)? While it is true that on a very literal reading the adverb/preposition can seem redundant, it often serves a subtle emphasizing or interpersonal function. 5 Necessary and unnecessary hyphens. Phrasal verbs produce noun derivatives of two types: (i) the verb precedes the adverb/preposition, e.g. breakdown, feedback , and lie-in ; (ii) the adverb/preposition precedes the verb, e.g. backdrop and outcome . Nouns of...
like Reference library
Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage (4 ed.)
...are not good: weaning them off this addiction looks as unlikely as eliminating crack cocaine. It is no doubt true, as highly technical academic papers have suggested, that it is not merely a ‘meaningless’ filler, that it has its own complex rules, and that it fulfils subtle interpersonal functions. However, it is just as true that its overuse will cause listeners outside the speaker’s immediate circle, wider social group, or age cohort to ignore the content of the message completely, to assume that the speaker is little short of brain-dead, or, in extreme...
