Health Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States
...including health care providers. Personalismo. Many Latinas and Latinos stress the importance of personalismo (personal relationships) rather than institutional relationships. Trust and interpersonal comfort are critical components of the relationship between the person who is ill and the health care provider. Personalismo also involves the physical interpersonal space between the patient and the provider. Latinas and Latinos generally prefer being closer to each other in space than do non-Latina and non-Latino whites. Simpatia. Simpatia (kindness)...
Puerto Ricans Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States
...on the productivity of the soil. Having few institutional resources to draw upon, traditions of self-help, mutual reliance, patronage, and familial networks of support emerged. Outsiders considered these interactions “primitive,” regarding Puerto Rico as a place where interpersonal relations were loose and immoral. A countering discourse, though, also characterized island life in paradisiacal terms. The lack of institutional support and regulation resulted in more flexible gender roles among the poor. In particular, lower-class women enjoyed greater...
Elderly, The Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
...impact on health risks and status. Types of racism include structural racism, which operated at the societal level, giving some groups privileges and denying others access to the resources of society; institutional racism, which operated through organizational structures; and interpersonal racism, expressed in the way individuals interacted with each other. There were a number of racial reasons or excuses used by doctors, nurses, medical facilities, and others that may have denied African Americans access to cutting-edge medical care and assistance with...
Confucian Ethics Reference library
James D. SELLMANN
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...Library, Yale University. Although Confucius had his gender biases, the content and practice of his moral teachings are similar to those of the feminists who advocate a contextual care ethic. Speaking generally, Confucius, like the feminists of care, was concerned about interpersonal relationships founded on love and affection; his known writings contain nothing of an ethics based on impersonal duty. In the writings of both Confucius and certain feminists, moral values are learned at home by participating in a morally healthy parent-child relationship. The...
ZHOU Enlai (1898–1976) Reference library
Shelley Drake HAWKS
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...and economic construction that set the stage for Deng Xiaoping’s Second Revolution in the post–Cultural Revolution ( 1966–1976 ) period. Zhou Enlai rose quickly to a leadership position during the so-called United Front phase of Chinese politics ( 1924–1927 ), when his interpersonal skills were particularly useful for mediating between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang), China’s Communist Party, and the Soviet Union’s Communist International. Zhou first entered politics as a student activist and journalist in Tianjin during the May Fourth Movement...
Ethnographic Analogy in Archaeology: Methodological Insights from Southern Africa Reference library
Mark McGranaghan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources
...to the archaeological case, and thus no possible analogical comparisons are warranted. This is the fear that Martin Wobst famously referred to when describing the “tyranny” of ethnography, and it articulates a logical corollary of emphasizing the necessity of contextualization in understanding ethnographic data. 32 If understanding particular historical moments inevitably necessitates appreciating all the multifarious contingencies that shape these moments, the bases for any wider comparison are called into question. For a discipline that cannot directly...
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Africa: An Interpretation Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...it is cheap in comparison to the existing alternatives: drugs for a lifetime and/or death. Responses to AIDS have political dimensions in Africa, as elsewhere. Public health action takes place in an environment in which differences in understanding and unequal power relationships prevail. Because social structures limit the choices people make, stopping AIDS requires eliminating the barriers that deprive women of control over their sexual interactions and deprive poor people of control over their lives. Changes on the interpersonal level are...
Zhōu Ēnlái (1898–1976) Reference library
Shelley Drake HAWKS
The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
...military officers. Zhou had no military training, but his affiliation with generals at Whampoa Academy gave him credibility as a military organizer. While headquartered in Guangzhou, Zhou Enlai rose quickly to a top leadership position within the United Front. His interpersonal skills were particularly useful for mediating between the Chinese Nationalist Party, China’s Communist Party, and the Soviet Union’s Communist International. As he rose in the ranks, Zhou Enlai recognized the need for a wife’s companionship to help him cope with new...
The Three Faces of the Family, 1872 to the Present Reference library
Elena Jackson Albarrán
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...was so complete that it infused civil society with a culture of patriarchal authority; it successfully supplanted the Catholic Church in controlling the socializing auspices of the family unit. 27 Subsequent scholarship acknowledged the power of the state in influencing the interpersonal relationships and economic behaviors that stemmed from the family, but this research nuanced the causational interpretation. Gender historians Jean Franco and Steven Stern saw the “modernization of patriarchy” in modern Latin American welfare and populist programs. Looking...
Porfirian Social Practices and Etiquette Reference library
Diego Pulido Esteva
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...In fact, the working class created social centers such as the café cantante (cabaret) where, in contrast to those in European countries, the audience did everything but sing. 22 Although never considered duels, quarrels among working-class men had traits that often made interpersonal violence just as much a ritual. Working-class men lived by the imperative to defend one’s or one’s family reputation, to prove personal virility or masculinity, and to set fair rules for fighters. For example, an individual arrested for battery declared that he went into the ...
