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forces of production Quick reference
John Halliday
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...to what materially facilitates the process of production. This does not resolve the more difficult and interesting question of whether historical materialism entails technological determinism. Nor does it fully explain why a contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production is the dynamic of the historical process. John...
Althusser, Louis (1918–90) Quick reference
Stewart Wood
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...) French Marxist philosopher who rose to intellectual prominence in the 1960s. Associated with the school of ‘structural Marxism’, which emphasizes ‘scientific’ rather than humanist elements of Marx’s thought, and develops a multilayered structuralist account of historical determinism. While claiming with Marx that society is determined by productive forces within the economy ‘in the last instance’, Althusser conceived of economic determination itself in terms of a complex of interrelated structures exercising various economic, political, and...
Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979) Quick reference
Geraldine Lievesley
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...he became known as the ‘father of the New Left ’. Arguing that ‘the task of theory’ was ‘to liberate practice’ ( 1928 ), he called for a reconstruction of Marxist social and historical theory. His work centred upon an attempted synthesis of Hegel , Marx, and Freud (his most significant text on the latter being Eros and Civilization ( 1955 ). Marcuse repudiated economic determinism in favour of an affirmation of human potential. Being and consciousness were dialectical partners with neither having priority over the other. In changing the world, humans...
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72) Quick reference
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...overcome regional divisions within Italy, and resist the influence of the imperial powers of Austria and France. His nationalism was moderate and somewhat romantic, based on the development of civic consciousness as a balance to individual liberty, rather than racial or historical determinism...
Marxism Quick reference
Keith Taylor
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...the product of material conditions and circumstances rather than of ideas, thought, or consciousness. This raises the problem of ‘determinism’ in Marxism, since an emphasis on material forces of economic production and the social relations of production (i.e. class relations) inevitably suggests that these are the key factors which have shaped, and which continue to shape, the process of historical change. In particular these systems of thought, including political belief systems and cultural ‘products’ such as art and literature, are basically expressions of...
Geopolitics Reference library
John A. Agnew
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...in US and other critiques before and during World War II. In the aftermath of World War II, the term as a formal concept fell into disuse, especially among professional geographers, because of its presumed close association with Nazi policies and the ideas of environmental determinism from which geographers were then in retreat. Formal geopolitical models, especially Mackinder's heartland model, continued to appear in geography textbooks, and some academics made “adjustments” by allowing for changes in military technology (airpower, nuclear weapons, etc.)...
Defining and Operationalizing Context Through a Structural Political Geography for International Relations Reference library
Colin Flint and Raymond J. Dezzani
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...structural determinism. The structure of the capitalist world economy creates a set of imperatives, demands, expectations, and limits that constrain what is a viable politics for any given set of actors within the temporal dynamics of the system and their position within the hierarchy of the capitalist world economy. We advance the concept of maneuver to advance the essence of the opportunity and willingness framework in a way that uses a world-systems analysis of the capitalist world economy to define contextual settings that recognize the historical, social,...
Crisis Development: Normal Accidents and Beyond Reference library
Jean-Christophe Le Coze
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crisis Analysis
...same interest for the significance of the expansion of large technical systems and the potential kind of determinism that they provoke ( La Porte, 1975 ). The main difference is one of problem formulation, and of the research program associated with it. While for Perrow technological determinism consists in establishing causality between certain features of high-risk systems and likelihood of unexpected events (see Figure 1 ), technological determinism for La Porte translates into a series of questions about the operational demands it creates for members...
Cambodia: Armed Forces Under Personalized Control Reference library
Paul W. Chambers
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...importance of historical dynamics and contingency rather than staticity and determinism. As such, it is practical in showing how a sequential series of events helps to reinforce configurations that have later effects. In addition, historical institutionalism emphasizes how institutions develop over time and reflect the relative bargaining power of actors that created them. The historical evolution of Cambodia’s military has involved three concepts: historical-cultural legacies, path dependence, and critical junctures. The first, historical legacies,...
Counterfactuals and Foreign Policy Analysis Reference library
Richard Ned Lebow
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...crisis to demonstrate the utility of counterfactuals in overcoming determinism. Each scenario was more elaborate and vivid than the previous one and was seen as more vivid, and hence more credible, by a sample of policymakers and international-relations scholars. Policymakers rarely act in response to explicit theories but commonly rely on more informal understandings of how the world works. They display the same belief in the retrospective near-inevitability of important historical outcomes as their academic counterparts. In interviews with numerous...
Hindsight Bias in Political Decision Making Reference library
Rüdiger F. Pohl and Edgar Erdfelder
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Political Decision Making
...Memory, and Cognition , 36 (6), 1399–1413. Nestler, S. , Blank, H. , & von Collani, G. (2008a). Hindsight bias and causal attribution: A causal model theory of creeping determinism . Social Psychology , 39 (3), 182–188. Nestler, S. , Blank, H. , & von Collani, G. (2008b). Hindsight bias doesn’t always come easy: Causal models, cognitive effort, and creeping determinism . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 34 (5), 1043–1054. Nestler, S. , Egloff, B. , Küfner, A. C. P. , & Back, M. D. (2012). An integrative...
LGBT Rights and Theoretical Perspectives Reference library
Francis Kuriakose and Deepa Kylasam Iyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of LGBT Politics and Policy
...The modernist approach uses scientific and rational methods to understand knowable meanings ( Seidman, 1993 ). GLS is a modernist approach in which sexuality and gender are considered as stable and static identities. In contrast, the postmodernist approach opposes biological determinism (also called essentialism) of identity. Queer theory and social constructionism are postmodernist approaches that have questioned normative understandings of sexuality and gender by adopting anti-essentialist positions. Although queer theory and social constructionism hold that...
State Formation and Conflict in Africa Reference library
Didier Péclard
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...as structures rather than as processes, and on the idea that states are the product of conscious policies aimed at constructing the institutional infrastructure of governance rather than historical formations. States, however, cannot simply be “engineered.” They are the results of long-lasting historical processes, including phases of violence, as suggested by the historical sociology of the state ( Abrams, 1988 ; Bayart, 2009 ; Migdal & Schlichte, 2005 ; Mitchell, 1991 ; Tilly, 2003 ). In their seminal history of the state in Kenya, Berman and...
Thailand: Camouflaged Khakistocracy in Civil–Military Relations Reference library
Chambers Paul W.
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...throughout history ( Mahoney & Thelen, 2010 , p. 18). At the onset of the historical path, institutional trends become entrenched, a situation that produces later impacts on modern institutions ( Pierson, 2004 ). This institutional architecture stresses the significance of chronological narratives and agency, not determinism and immobility. Thus, this framework is useful in demonstrating how an ordered variety of factors brought about changes that led to historical consequences. Furthermore, HI stresses how institutions change across history,...
The Political Economy of War and Violence in Africa: A Hegelian and Marxist Interpretation Reference library
Patience Kabamba
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...and wars are products of these historical circumstances that created capitalist extractive space whose persistence against the will of the people provokes violence and desolation. A question then rises at the heart of Marx’s own genealogical analysis. If the decrease of the rate of profit was the basis of the colonial enterprise that set Africa to violence and left behind structures of violence, did Africans have the choice to turn their countries in different directions and to less violent transitions? The historical determinism that runs through Marx and...
Geography and Foreign Policy Reference library
Steve Pickering
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...we understand the United States’ contemporary “pivot to Asia” (or pivot to China) without understanding Mackinder’s “geographical pivot of history” ( Mackinder, 1904 )? Yet while most geographers have moved on since Mackinder’s pivot, recognizing the inherent problems in its determinism, many political scientists and members of the foreign policy community have not, finding themselves trapped in the shadow of a curious beast called “geopolitics.” The concept of geopolitics, while essential for understanding geography and foreign policy, comes laden with negative...
Political economy Reference library
Oxford Companion to Australian Politics
...and finance‐has seen a return to nationalist sentiments in some quarters, even prompting the Howard government's retreat from the doctrinaire economic liberalisation of the Keating years towards a more populist approach. Globalisation marked a partial return to the determinism of the dependency themes of the 1970s and 1980s: Australian governments significantly constrained in the policy options available to them in a world in which control over economic decisions had passed to investors and corporations. This argument, however, is generally...
Opportunity and Willingness: From “Ordering Concepts” to an Analytical Perspective for the Study of Politics Reference library
Harvey Starr
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...relationships) addresses the relationship between agency and structure. As a reaction to the determinism of the late 19th - and early 20th-century approach to geopolitics, the Sprouts developed a set of alternative ways to view the components of the ecological triad, especially the relationship between entity and environment. It is important to note that these alternatives were developed “as alternatives to environmental determinism, where, by definition, decision makers are incapable of choice given the characteristics of the environment,...
Postcolonial Approaches to the Study of African Politics Reference library
Grace Adeniyi Ogunyankin
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
..., 26 , 971–986. Arnfred, S. (2004). Re-thinking sexualities in Africa . Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska afrikainstitutet. Ashcroft, B. , Griffiths, G. , & Tiffin, H. (2007). Post-colonial studies: The key concepts . London, UK: Routledge. Bakare-Yusuf, B. (2003). Beyond determinism: The phenomenology of African female existence . Feminist Africa , 2 , Changing Cultures . Chambers, I. , & Curti, L. (1996). The post-colonial question: Common skies, divided horizons . New York, NY: Psychology Press. Call, C. T. (2008). The fallacy of the “failed...
Understanding Urban Riots Reference library
David Waddington and Matthew Moran
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crisis Analysis
...feedback, depending on outgroup reactions (or lack of them)” ( Stott et al., 2018 , p. 846). The work of Baker ( 2012 ) on social media provides additional insights with regard to the mobilization and spread of the disorder. She is very critical of the “technological determinism” employed by those who maintained that the riots were primarily criminal activities “orchestrated” via social media (pp. 162–163) and positions this view as part of a broader debate between those who overemphasize the impact of social media on the riots and those who neglect...
