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Frankfurt School Reference library
R. Kaufman
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.)
...rigidity, the Frankfurters argued, had contributed to the absence of a more robust critical consciousness and a sensing of agency among classes, groups, and individuals open to grasping and acting on the need for profound social transformation. Contesting such determinism, and esp. conceptual determinism, the Frankfurters began to rearticulate the importance of lit. and the other arts by noting, among other things, that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels had themselves emphasized the links—apparently necessary, inextricable links—between...
Nuyorican Poetry Reference library
D. A. Colón
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.)
...in justifying the contemp. aesthetic of Nuyorican poetry. Several historical events contributed to the vast migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 20th c. As an outcome of the Sp.-Am. War, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. with the passage of the Treaty of Paris in 1898 . The Foraker Act of 1900 established a popularly elected House of Representatives for Puerto Rico, an achievement that added to a communal sense of Puerto Rican sovereignty and political self-determinism. In 1917 , the Jones-Shafroth Act established for Puerto Rico a...
Genre Reference library
M. Cavitch
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.)
...poetic genres to differences not only in poetic objects but in poets’ own characters: the kind of person you are (e.g., superior, serious, noble vs. inferior, base, vulgar) dictates, Aristotle (following Plato) reasoned, the kind of poem you will write. This characterological determinism did not uniformly dictate cl. poetic practice, which reflects more freely and self-consciously made decisions about what and how to write. But such associations between genre and human nature, behavior, and relationship nevertheless abounded in antiquity and persist in much...
Semiotics and Poetry Reference library
P. Steiner and H. Smith Richmond
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.)
...in their discourse revised it in a number of ways. To schematize their dissent from Jakobsonian semiotics, we may group all these new devels. under three headings, the three charges most commonly leveled against the structuralist heritage: linguistic imperialism, semantic determinism , and monologism . Linguistic imperialism is the reduction of poetic (and other) structures to ling. data. Structuralism might be right in seeing poetry as a purposive manipulation of lang., but not all patterns that a ling. analysis discovers in a text need be aesthetically...
Psychology and Poetry Reference library
N. H. Holland, P. K. Kugler, M. Grimaud, and R. Greene
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.)
...later it separates off an external world from itself.” Nazi persecutions forced the emigration of Freud and his circle from Vienna and spread second- and third-phase psychoanalysis all over the world. Brit. theorists, during the 1940s and 1950s, replaced Freud’s biological determinism from innate drives with learning based on interpersonal encounters between the child and its significant others (“object relations”). Concentration on these pre-Oedipal experiences led to a more comprehensive account of the themes in a child’s devel. that persisted in the...