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Berlin, Sir Isaiah (1909–1997) Quick reference
Who's Who in the Twentieth Century
...their contributions in the appropriately named Vico and Herder ( 1976 ). Berlin was not content merely to chronicle the development of such ideas in modern thought. Instead, he sought, in his Historical Inevitability ( 1954 ), Four Essays on Liberty ( 1969 ), and several other works, to expose the central errors and distortions inherent in historical determinism. Berlin's various attempts to develop an alternative pluralism can be traced in the four volumes of his Collected Papers ( 1975–80...
Frontier Thesis Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...a hypothesis, a theory, but not a law. The imprecision of his methodology left him open to attack, especially because he was implying that man's essential characteristics were formed by his physical environment, not by intuitive genius. Turner believed in environmental determinism because the frontier interpretation of American history amounted in the last analysis to the contention that ideas were less powerful than the physical environment in shaping institutions. Martin Torodash Bibliography Billington, Ray Allen . Frederick Jackson Turner:...
Equality Reference library
Angela Marie Howard
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...spouses, and parents; however, the collective efforts of all kinds of feminists did not succeed in achieving equality of women and men. The Third Wave of feminism applied, as a tool for investigating gender, academic skepticism in assessing the implications of biological determinism. Third Wave researchers posited individual resistance as effective in gender subversion, and thus they invited consideration of differences of race and class in evaluating the source and impact of gender in obstructing or promoting equality of women and men. Assessment....
Cultural Institutions of the Brazilian Empire Reference library
Lilia Katri Moritz Schwarcz
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...to recall that Brazil course-corrected for a “harmonious marriage” between theories that, elsewhere, led to “acrimonious divorce.” In Brazil, evolutionism blended with racial determinism. While the former sought to explain how humanity was predisposed toward a “certain progress,” with Blacks and Indigenous peoples at the base of the pyramid and whites at the top, determinism strove to naturalize these differences and legislate, rather pessimistically, on miscegenation, which had already become an inescapable reality for the country. Paradoxical and...
Historiography of Brazil in the 19th Century Reference library
Thiago Lima Nicodemo, Pedro Afonso Cristovão dos Santos, and Mateus Henrique de Faria Pereira
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...psychologic, economic, and many other issues, thus not being simply a matter of geography or determinism) is the core concern from which the question of nationality arises. Writers like João Ribeiro ( 1860–1934 ) and Euclides da Cunha ( 1866–1909 ) could already see the importance of territorial formation to Brazilian history. Capistrano de Abreu’s words were definitely not falling on deaf ears. It remains important to consider, especially when it comes to historical erudition, the common points between the historiography of the turn of the century and the...
Socialism Reference library
Jane Slaughter
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...percent of party members were women, and their National Women's Committee was finally a formal part of the organizational bureaucracy. Most historians of the Socialist parties in this era agree that indifference or grudging acceptance of women and adherence to rigid economic determinism best describe an individual party's handling of the “woman question.” Women's Rights and Party Platforms. Socialist parties debated where goals of women's emancipation fit within party platforms and goals. Most agreed that safer working conditions and improved wages would...
Communism Reference library
Sara Murphy and Barbara Evans Clements
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...of women to Pretoria. The development of Second Wave feminism in the 1960s challenged Communist parties operating in multiparty regimes. The new generation of feminists accepted much of the Marxist analysis about women's subordination, but they also criticized economic determinism as inadequate for explaining the persistence of patriarchy. Rather, the feminists argued, gender should be given its theoretical due. Feminists in Western Europe and North America also organized campaigns to outlaw discriminatory employment practices, reform marriage laws,...
Capitalism Reference library
Marilyn J. Boxer
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...terminology to analyze women's dual roles in production and reproduction, and the linkages between them, as central to understanding women's condition under capitalism. Historians and feminist theorists note that Marxist concepts, including proletarianization and the economic determinism that reduces women to their roles as wage earners, obscure the importance of women's unwaged work in the home and fail to consider the noneconomic aspects of women's subordination in family and society. Seeking more satisfactory explanations, many locate women's subordination...
Race, Science, and Social Thought in 20th-Century Brazil Reference library
Marcos Chor Maio, Robert Wegner, and Vanderlei Sebastião de Souza
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...In the First Declaration, there was a general endeavor to reject the biological concept of race, emphasizing the ideological and racist nature of its historical use to define human differences. 118 On the other side, during the meetings for UNESCO’s Second Declaration, geneticists and physical anthropologists harshly criticized the text of the First Declaration, highlighting the sociological determinism used to debate the concept of race. In the view of the geneticists, the First Declaration was questionable because of its lack of scientific criteria,...
Color and Race in Portuguese America, 1640–1750 Reference library
Ronald Raminelli
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...in ascending. Race in the modern epoch presupposed the inheritance and immutability of behavior, the reason for preventing the social ascension of descendants of Jews and Blacks. This idea of race and racism was not based on “scientific rationality” or on strict biological determinism. In the ancien régime, the term “race” did not have the rigidity it would later gain with the advent of racial theories. It is not pertinent to use the term “racism” for Portuguese America during the ancien régime without first making such a caveat. Race and racism are differentiated...
Sertão and Its Representations Reference library
Nísia Trindade Lima and Tamara Rangel Vieira
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...Freyre identified the ideas defended by the movement as part of the reasoning behind his emphasis on cultural explanations, outlined in the preface to Casa Grande e Senzala . 25 However, the fact that the rural public health campaign became central to overcoming racial determinism does not imply a greater empathy toward the less privileged sectors, the inhabitants of the great sertão called Brazil, or even to overcoming the ambivalence toward the racial question. Participants in the public health movement believed in the regenerating potential of...
Regionalism in Brazil Reference library
Barbara Weinstein
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...regional identity emerged and what it has meant for the political, economic, and cultural conditions of Brazilian society has been a matter of considerable debate among historians and other scholars. Recent scholarship has sought to transcend the environmental or socioeconomic determinism of earlier studies and consider questions of agency. To what extent did the emergence of São Paulo as Brazil’s center of modernity and progress produce, as its corollary, the backwardness and stagnation of the Nordeste? Did this inevitably contain a racialized subtext? To what...
Abolition of the African Slave Trade in Brazil Reference library
Jaime Rodrigues
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...were anticipating the abolitionist practices of the second half of the 19th century . 2 Although this is questionable, an overview of the arguments prior to English pressure in the first decades of the 19th century provides a perspective that avoids anachronisms and historical determinism. The independence and institutionalization of the executive and legislature during the Primeiro Reinado ( 1822–1831 ) introduced new questions and issues along the complex path toward ending the slave trade in Brazil. In the first place, the English had to negotiate with...
Gramsci, Antonio (22 Jan. 1891) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...Influenced by Croce , he rejected positivism, determinism, and reformism, and emphasized the importance of the cultural struggle instead. Following Italy's domestic political disorder after World War I he hoped a socialist state would be established through the factory councils which paralysed the economic and political life of Turin, but which were ultimately crushed by Giolitti . Gramsci joined the Italian Communist Party upon its foundation, but soon found himself in opposition to the rigid determinism of its general-secretary, Bordiga. Supported by...
Mahan, Alfred Thayer Reference library
James C. Bradford
The Oxford Companion to United States History
...expanding commerce and the merchant marine. He also urged a naval strategy based on fleet engagements aimed at gaining command of the sea, in place of the traditional U.S. strategy of coastal defense and commerce raiding. Mahan's thought rested on Social Darwinism , economic determinism, and tactical principles first developed by others. Deftly synthesized and cogently stated in numerous publications, Mahan's ideas laid the philosophical basis for an era of global navalism, influenced leaders such as Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II and Theodore Roosevelt , and...
Glykas, Michael Reference library
Alexander Kazhdan
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
... 1118 , he followed Zonaras in criticizing Alexios strongly. He also condemned Manuel I 's astrological enthusiasm. Glykas's attitude toward antiquity was critical as well; he rejected all ancient philosophers save Aristotle . He rejected also the idea of ananke , “historical determinism”—his polemic against astrology was connected with this antideterministic approach to history. Both Glykas's chronicle and his letters, often on similar subjects, were overtly didactic. His substantial additions to the first part of the chronicle are borrowed from the ...
Limborch, Philippus van (1633–1712) Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
...reason.” He was denounced as a Spinozist as a result of these theological and philosophical reflections. In his explorations of Arminianism, he also emphasized the ethical commitment of human beings, defended free will, criticized religious predestinarianism and philosophic determinism, and promoted a voluntarist understanding of religion in which human intelligence cooperates with faith in the pursuit of salvation. His most important work, the Theologia christiana ( 1686 ), is a systematic compilation of Remonstrant belief made accessible to all...
