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15 Children’s Books Reference library
Andrea Immel
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...least in wealthy households). In a society where books were relatively uncommon, the ability to read was highly variable, and works were often intended for audiences of all ages. During the late 15 th and 16 th centuries, much of what children read had been in circulation before the invention of printing. By modern standards, few concessions were made to children as readers. Production was dominated by didactic works, including Latin *grammars (by Donatus and others), courtesy literature or *conduct books (e.g. Robert Grosseteste ’s Puer ad Mensam ),...
48 The History of the Book in America Reference library
Scott E. Casper and Joan Shelley Rubin
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...absence of international copyright treaties, rival editions of popular British authors could lead to falling book prices as publishers sought to undersell one another. This concern led to the extra-legal but widely understood conventions known as ‘the courtesy of the trade’. The primary tenet of trade courtesy stipulated that the first American publisher to announce that it had a foreign work ‘in press’ won the rights to its publication; other publishers were expected to relinquish any plans to publish it. By a second principle, the ‘rule of association’, the...
19 The Electronic Book Reference library
Eileen Gardiner and Ronald G. Musto
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of TEI in the world of libraries, archives, and publishing continued to assure its dominance. 7 Models and aesthetics E-books are extremely adaptable and functional; New and old technology: the iLiad Reader marketed by Libresco. Just as the characteristics of *newspapers changed people’s reading habits and the railway revolutionized the distribution of print, so e-books may change how, what, when, and where material is read. Courtesy of Libresco.com when the proper coding language and syntax are applied, they can be formatted and designed to mirror the...
11 The Technologies of Print Reference library
James Mosley
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...curves and straight lines. Courtesy of Professor James Mosley Nevertheless, the underlying technical processes employed to produce the printed page have changed tremendously. The widespread use of metal type had effectively ceased by about 1980 : such type is now employed only rarely, to make special kinds of books ( see private presses ). Words are still generally placed on paper with ink, but carbon particles (or *toner ) fused by an electrostatic process are more likely to be used to generate copies of digitized books that are printed on *demand ....
14 Printed Ephemera Reference library
Michael Harris
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...production of some striking images depicting the mass of print displayed in public spaces. The spread of ephemera and *display types : *playbills , *posters , and *broadsides painted by John Orlando Parry in his London Street Scene (1835), also known as The Posterman . Courtesy of Alfred Dunhill Museum and Archive Across the entire modern period, a huge and expanding volume of print in all its forms was in circulation. In the attempt to get some sort of *bibliographical control over the composition and character of ephemera, scholars have undertaken...
10 Paper Reference library
Daven Christopher Chamberlain
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...(Nuremberg, 1661). With water-powered hammers, the linen rags are pulped. The *vatman stands at the *vat with a *mould ; the *coucher presses the *post ; the drying *sheets hang on ropes above, ready to be *sized , calendared, gathered into *reams , and packaged. Courtesy of Alan Crocker This is then passed to a second worker, the *coucher , who transfers the wet fibre mat on to a textile, usually of felt, to support it during the next process, pressing. A stack of alternating wet mats and felts, called a *post , is introduced into a mechanical...
Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Educational Institutions Reference library
Talatu Salihu Ahmadu and Yahya Bin Don
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Educational Administration
...personal interests for the good of the work group and do not take the refutation of their ideas individually. Courtesy. Courtesy refers to preventing potential problems by informing, reminding, and transferring useful information and to fulfilling tasks more effectively by efficient use of time and possibilities, that is, telling other people and reminding them of the significant points to be aware of in order to avoid future problems. Courtesy includes all of those gestures that help someone else prevent a problem through consultation before committing to...
Unilateral Peace Initiatives Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...nuclear testing and implicitly called for reciprocation, announcing that the United States would not be the first to resume. The Soviet response was almost immediate and very favorable. Kennedy’s speech was soon published in full in several leading Soviet newspapers, a courtesy rarely provided to a Western leader. Premier Khrushchev quickly answered in a speech on 15 June 1963 , in which he praised President Kennedy’s address and announced that he had ordered a halt to the production of Soviet strategic bombers in apparent reciprocation. The two sides...
Garden-Based Education Reference library
Dilafruz Williams
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Educational Administration
...garden through integrated, interdisciplinary approaches, often through hands-on, investigative, active, direct, and real-world engagement ( Figure 2 ). Figure 1. Children actively engaged in their school garden. Source : Photo courtesy of the author. Figure 2. Investigative learning in the school garden. Source : Photo courtesy of the author. Seven pedagogical principles for learning gardens are developed and theorized by Williams and Brown ( 2012 ) . The first principle is about cultivating a sense of place . In contrast to the de-contextualized nature...
Crime, Justice, and Anglo-American Comics Reference library
Thomas Giddens
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture
...modern-age comic books and graphic novels. In M. Deflem (Ed.), Popular culture, crime, and social control (pp. 45–66). Bradford, U.K.: Emerald. Sabin, R. (1996). Comics, comix, and graphic novels: A history of comic art . London: Phaidon. Sabin, R. (2000). Below critical radar: Fanzines and alternative comics from 1976 to the present day . Brighton, U.K.: Slab-O-Concrete. Sanchez, J. (2007, October 21). The revolt of the comic books. The American Prospect, 18 (10). Retrieved from http://prospect.org/article/revolt-comic-books Scully, T. , & Moorman...
A Fanonian Philosophy of Race Reference library
Armond Towns
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication and Critical Cultural Studies
...axes in philosophical discussions of race. Further, they point to the limits of Western thought in general, which still has difficulty reckoning with race. Rather than a central figure within the entire philosophical and scientific project, race is an add-on, but only as a courtesy, in even the contemporary examinations of philosophy and science. Yet, the scholarship of Fanon and his interlocutors suggests that this add-on logic actually covers more than it reveals. Fanon and the “New Man” The racialized assumptions of time–space and recognition lead Fanon...
Homi Bhabha and Communication Studies Reference library
J. Daniel Elam
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication and Critical Cultural Studies
...Times . Cusset, F. (2008). French theory . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Du Bois, W. E. B. (2014 [1928]). Dark princess: A romance . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Dutton, D. (1999, February 05). Language crimes: A lesson in how not to write, courtesy of the professoriate. Wall Street Journal . Eakin, E. (2001, November 17). Harvard’s catch prize, a Delphic postcolonialist. New York Times . Fanon, F. (2004 [1961]). The wretched of the earth . Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Fanon, F. (2008 [1952]). Black skin white masks...
Critical Whiteness Studies Reference library
Shannon Sullivan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication and Critical Cultural Studies
...wages were low, lower- and working-class white people had something to gain from a class system (whether slavery or postslavery) based on white superiority. By casting their lot with wealthy white people, even poor white people would be “given public deference and titles of courtesy [merely] because they were white” ( Du Bois, 1962 , p. 700). A poor or working-class white man was called “Mister,” for example, while an adult black man was likely to be called “boy.” Poor and working-class white people still could sit at the front of the bus, while black...
Communicating Religious Identities Reference library
Renate Ysseldyk
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Intergroup Communication
...Still, finding ways to facilitate an inclusive identity among religious groups without threatening group distinctiveness—including threats to the belief systems on which those groups are founded—is an admirable goal and one worthy of further efforts. Alternatively, conveying courtesy and respect to religious outgroups through accommodating communication styles ( Giles, 2008 ; Haji & Lalonde, 2012 ) can help to facilitate more effective religious intergroup communication. In this regard, of particular importance may be the adage to “seek first to...
Gay Pornography Reference library
Joseph Brennan
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Queer Studies and Communication
...absence are pathologizing perspectives in the spirit of Dworkin, which can be read as a gesture to keep the “porn wars” in the past, departing from the perspectives of Kendall while not foreclosing considerations of gay porn problematics. Keeping Kendall in the past is possible courtesy of robust challenges—within his own legal-regulatory framework—in the early 1990s, such as from Carl F. Stychin (1991 –1992) , who develops several lines of argument around the “failure of the feminist anti-pornography approach to differentiate” between gay and heteroporn (p....
Biplanes, Satellites, and Drones: A High-Resolution History of Eyes in the Sky Reference library
Arthur Holland Michel
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture
..., on commission for the U.S. Army Aircraft Board, the Bug looked like a miniaturized biplane. The planes were intended to be packed with explosives and then pointed in the direction of a target; once they reached the appropriate distance, after making an arrow-straight flight courtesy of the recently invented gyroscope, the engine would shut off, and the vehicle would effectively turn into a bomb. It was described as an “aerial torpedo” ( Stamp, 2013 ), a term that would later be replaced with the current term “cruise missile” (the famous German Doodlebug...
lithography in the Muslim world Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...books then lost favour in the face of the greater clarity and modernity of type. See also arabic type. Lithography in the Muslim world : Mīrzā ‘Alī-Qulī Khū’ī’s depiction of the process from an edition of Niẓāmī’s Khamsah (Tehran, 1847). The depiction begins at the foot of the page with making acid and ink, followed by the preparation of the stone. Courtesy of Dr Ulrich Marzolph, from his Archive of Persian lithographic illustration in Göttingen, Germany Geoffrey Roper U. Marzolph , Narrative Illustrations in Persian Lithographed Books (2001)...
map Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Mexico City and of the Gulf of Mexico from H. Cortés, Praeclara Ferdinandi Cortesii de Nova maris Hyspania Narratio (Nuremburg, 1525). The maps are probably based on indigenous originals. From R. Achilles, ed., Humanities’ Mirror: Reading at the Newberry, 1887–1987 (1987). Courtesy Edward E. Ayer Collection, The Newberry Library always engraved. Some *publishers preferred to have slots cut in the block to accommodate captions set in metal type. Printed labels were occasionally pasted on the printed surface. After c .1560 , few woodcut map s were made,...
censorship Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...and In 1940, censorship was lifted briefly in Leningrad: Anna Akhmatova was able to publish poems which previously circulated orally. This copy of Iz shesti knig (From Six Books) was a *presentation copy from the author, who has written her name beneath its *frontispiece , a 1929 portrait. From T. Peter Kraus and Eric Holzenberg, The Grolier Club Collects (2002). Courtesy of The Grolier Club of New York force, bringing some perspective to this observation about differentiated repression. Continuing political repression—particularly through press ...
Parkour Reference library
Dan EDWARDES
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
..., who introduced his son to the military training methods of Georges Hebert , a French physical educationalist and theorist who advocated a “natural method” of training based on simple, functional movement skills. Dan Edwardes performing a “plyo jump” in Tokyo, Japan. Photo courtesy of ParkourGenerations.com. Although the Yamakasi initiated and were integral to the development of parkour, the art underwent powerful bursts of development when the second generation of practitioners arrived, including Stephane Vigroux , Thomas Couetdic , Johann Vigroux ,...
