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The Apocrypha Reference library
Philip Davies
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...contents did not necessarily correspond over time exactly to those of the Greek Bibles (which, in any case, did not preserve exactly the same list of books). Thus, it is not the case that the ‘Apocrypha’, effectively created as a category by Protestants, simply embraces those books in a Greek Bible but not a Hebrew one. However, that is effectively how the contents of the Apocrypha originated. The books of the Apocrypha derive immediately from Greek texts. However, while in some cases Greek is the original language, in some a translation from another...
Liberation Theology: Europe Reference library
Luise Schottroff and John Rogerson
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...movement which was formed in 1970 during the elections in Chile and which soon had groups in the whole of Latin America. Books and lectures by the French Protestant Georges Casalis and the German Catholic Kuno Füssel enabled materialist reading of the Bible to be consolidated and extended. Professor Willy Schottroff (1931–97), a pioneer of European social-historical interpretation of the Bible. Courtesy Prof. Dr. Luise Schottrof. In 1977 the ‘Heidelberg Working Group for Social-Historical Interpretation of the Bible’ was...
The Bible in Literature Reference library
David Jasper
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...understanding of the nature of theology itself. James Joyce (1935) by Jacques-Emile Blanche. Joyce's Finnegans Wake (1939) was described by Thomas Altizer as ‘the culmination of our Western literature…a culmination that is ending or apocalypse itself’. By courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London. In stark contrast to Arnold, the language and poetics of early twentieth-century modernism are sharp and precise in their interactions with the Bible. If the novelist D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930) continues the traditions of Victorian...
The Old Testament Reference library
John Rogerson
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...reconstruction of the history of the ancient Israelite cult (1804–7) was a formative point in modern biblical criticism. Courtesy Professor J. W. Rogerson. The traditional views of authorship had two strengths. First, they provided a clear account of the origin of the faith of Israel. It was divine revelation communicated directly to individuals such as Moses. Secondly, if the authors of Old Testament books were known, it became possible to regard them as writers inspired by God. The seemingly neutral question ‘who wrote a particular...
The Bible in Judaism Reference library
Philip Alexander
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
... The Rashi Study House attached to the Old Synagogue of Worms, where Rashi (Rabbi Solomon Yitzhaqi, 1040–1105) studied as a young man. Courtesy of the Jewish Museum, London. This traditional likeness of the great Jewish philosopher Maimonides (1135–1204) was used on a postage stamp issued in Israel in 1953 to mark the International Congress of the History of Science. Courtesy Clive Rosen, Israel-Judaica Stamp Club. Philology pushed medieval Jewish Bible commentary in the direction of the plain sense of scripture...
1700 to the Present Reference library
Ronald Clements
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...of writing and the production of literary works, such as those preserved in the Bible, could be given a cultural context which they had not previously possessed. Cherubim figures from the temple of ‘Ain Dara‘ 67 km (42 miles) northwest of Aleppo, Syria. Courtesy Professor R. E. Clements. The Devotional Interpretation and Use of the Bible Scientific study of the Bible has frequently appeared to have as its primary duty the task of formulating biblical teaching, whether of ideas or events, in such a manner...
The New Testament Reference library
David Parker
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...began to emerge that there was a ‘Constantinian watershed’. The persecution by the Emperor Diocletian, lasting between the years 303 and 312, had seen the destruction of many Christian books. It seemed possible that, with the Peace of Constantine in 312, the church had used its comparatively small stock of surviving books to produce a number of ‘standards’. Churches whose books had been destroyed needed replacements, and in an era of growth many new copies were needed for new churches. As a result, much of the variety of earlier generations was lost. This...
Religious Liberty Reference library
Mohamed Talbi
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...” —“Muslims.” To be a true Muslim is to live in courteous dialogue with peoples of other faiths and ideologies, and ultimately to submit to God. We must show concern to our neighbors. We have duties to them, and we are not islands of loneliness. The attitude of respectful courtesy recommended by the Qur'an must be expanded to embrace all mankind, believers and unbelievers, except for those who “do wrong”—the unjust and violent, who resort deliberately to fist or argument. In such a case it is better to avoid so-called dialogue. In short...
Feminist Scholarship Reference library
Yvonne Sherwood
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...more familiar texts in unfamiliar ways.) A portrayal of Sarah and her son Isaac from Testament: The Animated Bible . While Sarah is absent from the biblical account of the ‘sacrifice’ of Isaac (Genesis 22), the Animated Bible inserts her into the story. Courtesy S4C. There are some passages in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible that, like Eve, seem to be absolutely iconic of the injustices challenged by the feminist movement. Leviticus prescribes forty days of uncleanness after the birth of a boy child and eighty after the birth of...
Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach Reference library
John J. Collins and John J. Collins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
.... 11:1–6 refers back to 10:6–18 for the notion that God brings low the proud, even kings and rulers. It also barely mentions a theme that will be treated at length in chs. 39–44 , the wonderful works of the Lord. ( 11:7–28 ) Patience and Trust vv. 7–8 involve elementary courtesy as well as being a prerequisite for wisdom: cf. Prov 18:13 ; m. ᾽ Abot , 5:10 . The advice in v. 9 is expressed more pungently in Prov 26:17 : ‘Like somebody who takes a passing dog by the ears is one who meddles in the quarrel of another.’ In much of this section Sirach...
Modern Translations Reference library
Stanley E. Porter
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...Standard Version, though he died before it was completed. James Moffatt (1880–1944) produced innovative translations of the Bible (New Testament 1913, Old Testament 1924). A native of Glasgow, he held posts in Oxford and Glasgow, and New York where he died. Courtesy of Mansfield College, Oxford. Whereas the first two personal translations of substance were done by British scholars, the first American English personal translation of lasting value was made by Edgar J. Goodspeed with J. M. P. Smith. A New Testament scholar who had a...
Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon Reference library
Mordechai Cogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...who sought to lure other vassal kingdoms in the southern region, among them Judah, to his side. At about this time, emissaries of Merodach-baladan (the biblical rendering of Mardukapal-iddina), the Chaldean king of Babylonia, arrived in Jerusalem; ostensibly, they had come on a courtesy visit to inquire of Hezekiah’s health, which had recently been failing. Merodach-baladan was a known foe of Assyria with a record of rebellion, and conceivably while in Jerusalem his envoys discussed diplomatic and perhaps even economic relations between Judah and Babylonia....
Genesis Reference library
R. N. Whybray and R. N. Whybray
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...the first five books, ending with Deuteronomy. This is known to the Jews by the name of Torah (or ‘the law’), and is the first and most sacred part of the canon of the Hebrew Scriptures. Modern scholars know it as the Pentateuch, a Greek word meaning ‘(of) five books’. However, its integrity was challenged in the nineteenth century ce , when many scholars held that it is incomplete without Joshua: it is only in Josh that God's promise, made in Genesis, of possession of the land of Canaan is fulfilled (hence the term Hexateuch, six books). This hypothesis...
The Pastoral Epistles Reference library
Clare Drury and Clare Drury
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...from Rom 13:1–7 ( cf. also 1 Pet 2:13–17 where it is placed in a list of duties as it is here). ‘Remind them’, an expression also used in 2 Tim 2:14 , seems to introduce a general instruction for the community as a whole rather than for a particular group. ( 3:3–8 a ) The courtesy which is owed to those outside the church is explained by reference to the experience of each individual in the community before becoming Christian. Usually in the Pastorals lists like this provide a contrast between the behaviour of the opponents and that advocated for...
Luke Reference library
Eric Franklin and Eric Franklin
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...attitude and of his lack of openness. Is it suggesting more and saying that he was discourteous to Jesus? On the whole, this is unlikely. Though the lack of provision for the washing of feet is ‘surprising’ ( Evans 1990 ) the other omissions would seem to be additional courtesies rather than requirements of the host. The story does not suggest that Jesus was singled out from the other guests; that would have meant a hostility that Simon's address to Jesus ( v. 40 ) does not imply. The contrasts are caused by the woman's actions rather than by Simon's...
evangelism, evangelization Reference library
Martin Wellings
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...Martin Wellings D. J. Bosch , Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (Maryknoll, NY, 1991). W. J. Abraham , The Logic of Evangelism (London, 1989). L. Newbigin , The Gospel in a Pluralist Society (London, 1989). K. Cracknell , Justice, Courtesy and Love: Theologians and Missionaries Encountering World Religions, 1846–1914 (London,...
Bonaventure Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 ed.)
...but did not live to see Constantinople repudiate the reunion so patiently achieved. He died at Lyons on 15 July and was buried there. His achievements in theology and govern-ment should not blind one to his personal characteristics noted by contemporaries: gentle courtesy, compassion, and accessibility. A Life, reputedly written in 1300 , was lost and there seems no trace of a very early cult. He was canonized by Sixtus IV in 1482 and declared a Doctor of the Church in 1588 . He is often called the Seraphic Doctor. Notable paintings of him...
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah (1905–1982) Reference library
P.L.D. Parimoo
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection
... The new government headed by Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah and Mirza Afzal Beg passes the landmark “land to the tiller” legislation, 1950. Courtesy Nyla Ali Khan. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah endorsed the maharaja’s appeal to his friend Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, for military assistance to push back the ...
Joel Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible
...books that are traditionally written on a single scroll. Both Jewish and Christian Bibles sequence this collection in the same way: Joel is placed second, between Hosea and Amos. The Greek Septuagint (LXX), however, places Joel fourth, after Hosea, Amos, and Micah. Generally speaking, the Greek and Hebrew sequences appear to be at least partly based on chronology, and so the differences between them complicate interpretation, in part because Jonah and Obadiah, like Joel, have no dating formulae. The Greek tradition locates these three books after three books...
Kufr Reference library
Fareeha Khan
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection
...attitude and kindness. This shows that it is permissible to be polite and courteous to those hostile enemies who are at war with Muslims. However, treating them with tenderness and courtesy should not cause danger, threat, harm or loss to Muslims. Wherever courtesy tenderness might pose such a danger, it is not permitted to be tender or courteous towards them. Of course, justice and equity in all cases and under all circumstances...
