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Edelman, Marian Wright (6 June 1939) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...to progressive change was inspired by women such as Septima Poinsette Clark , Lillian Smith , and Ella Baker . Marian Wright Edelman, who has become known as the “children’s crusader,” has served on the boards of a wide variety of organizations committed to child welfare. Courtesy of Children’s Defense Fund Armed with a law degree, Edelman went to Mississippi in 1963 , where she was the first black woman admitted to the bar. She directed the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund and helped secure the release of young people jailed in civil rights...
Wu-Tang Clan Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
...Man in 187 , Cop Land , Belly , and How High , and RZA in American Gangster . The Wu-Tang Clan. From the cover of their fifth album, 8 Diagrams (2007). From left: Inspectah Deck, GZA, Masta Killa, Raekwon, Ghostface Killah, Method Man, U-God, and RZA. Courtesy of Universal Records. Courtesy of Universal Records By the turn of the century the Wu-Tang Clans's musical influence had diminished, though other hip-hop artists had adopted their business strategies. Although they continued to release music, both collectively and individually, the hip-hop...
Children’s Literature Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...against slovenly behavior, alcoholism, and inadequate parenting. The books also present a feminine ideal for girls; women are mostly, or should be, virtuous, thrifty, intelligent, paragons of moral rectitude, and dedicated to home and hearth. They were to exemplify the ideals articulated in the ideology known as the “cult of true womanhood,” albeit for black women. Angela Johnson, whose works for children include Heaven and Toning the Sweep . Photograph by Sam Jackson, courtesy of Simon and Schuster Children’s Publishing Literature produced for the...
Cliff, Michelle (2 November 1946) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...in 1969 . She earned an MA in Philosophy in 1974 , completing her dissertation on the Italian Renaissance at the Warburg Institute at the University of London’s School of Advanced Study. Michelle Cliff, whose writings include Free Enterprise, A Novel of Mary Ellen Pleasant Courtesy of City Lights Publishers, San Francisco Returning to New York after graduating from the University of London, Cliff worked as an editor. Her first step into writing was an attempt to correct a misleading article about Jamaica that had appeared in Ms .> magazine. She soon...
Calendar Wheels Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...the nineteenth century. [ See Chilam Balam, Book of .] Veytia's Calendar Wheel number 5 (after 1907 edition). Photograph courtesy of Susan Milbrath . Wheel from Chilam Balam of Kaua (after Bowditch 1910). Photograph courtesy of Susan Milbrath . Bowditch, Charles . The Numeration, Calendar Systems, and Astronomical Knowledge of the Mayas . Cambridge, Mass., 1910. Includes discussion of Maya calendar wheels from the Chilam Balam books. Durán, Diego . Book of the Gods and Rites of the Ancient Calendar . Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and ...
Itzamná Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...have regarded both Itzamná and the monster bird as primordial beings who, through ritual contact, provided access to gods, ancestors, and other supernatural beings. figure 1. Itzamná partly transformed into the Principal Bird Deity, detail of Late Classic-style vase. Drawing courtesy of Karl A. Taube . Hellmuth, Nicholas M. Monster und Menschen in der Maya-Kunst . Graz, 1987. First identifies the Classic form of Itzamná, describing attributes and qualities of this being, with many illustrations of Itzamná and the Principal Bird Deity. Taube, Karl Andreas ....
Wesley, Dorothy Burnett Porter (25 May 1905) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...husband Dr. Charles Harris Wesley. Dorothy Wesley was the longtime librarian and curator of the Moorland-Spingarn Collection (later the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center) at Howard University. Her tenure spanned the years from the Harlem Renaissance to the Black Arts Movement. Courtesy of Dorothy Porter Wesley Research Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida Porter Wesley began her career at Howard in 1928 and in 1930 became librarian of the special collection of Negro materials, the Moorland Foundation, established in 1914 through the gift of Howard alumnus...
Hooks, Bell (24 September 1952) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...the elevation of black womanhood will result in the liberation of blacks and American society itself. Bell Hooks, as an intrepid writer and essayist, has been one of America’s premier social critics, committed to the struggle against racism, sexism, classism, and homophobia. Courtesy of William Morrow/An Imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. Photograph by Marion Ettinger Bell hooks was born Gloria Jean Watkins in Hopkinsville, Kentucky , and reared by two working-class parents. It was in this context that hooks’ combative disposition toward racism,...
Kennedy, Adrienne (13 September 1931) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...linear narrative in favor of short bursts of emotion that lay bare the inner conflict of her protagonists. Adrienne Kennedy has won three Obie Awards for her plays and has taught drama and playwriting at Yale, Harvard, Brown, and the University of California at Berkeley. Courtesy of Signature Theatre Company, New York, by permission of Adrienne Kennedy Kennedy’s later plays include An Evening with Dead Essex , A Movie Star Has to Star in Black and White , and Orestes and Electra . People Who Led to My Plays ( 1987 ) is a scrapbook-like memoir of her...
Ladner, Joyce A. (12 October 1943) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...body of literature while teaching at schools in Illinois, New York, Washington, DC, and Tanzania; serving as vice president of academic affairs and interim president at Howard University; and working as a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. Day Walters Photography; courtesy of the Brookings Institution, Washington, DC Ladner’s involvement in the civil rights movement began in high school when she and her sister Dorie joined the Hattiesburg NAACP youth council. The two sisters later enrolled in Jackson State College, but their links to Medgar...
Ringgold, Faith (8 October 1930) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...activist, author, and artist. Her work has been shown in many major museums around the world and is in the permanent collections of the Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Photograph by Grace Welty, courtesy of Random House Children’s Books Faith Jones Ringgold was born in Harlem, New York . She was the third child of Willi Posey Jones , a dressmaker and professional fashion designer, and Andrew Louis Jones Sr. , a sanitation worker. She was troubled with asthma at an early age and found herself...
Covarrubias, Miguel (1904–1957) Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...based on archaeological research—foreshadowed all subsequent research on that ancient civilization. A double caricature of Miguel Covarrubias and his photographer wife, Rosa Covarrubias, who took most of the photographs in his two best-known books, The Island of Bali and Mexico South. Original Covarrubias drawings courtesy of Michael D. Coe . García-Noriega y Nieto, Lucía , ed. Miguel Covarrubias: Homenaje . Mexico City, 1987. Catalog of an exhibition in honor of Covarrubias, with essays on all aspects of his career and an extensive bibliography. Michael D....
Dresden, Codex Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...within their communicative context is still minimal. The way the codex was read and performed, the audience which attended such readings, and its actual language and style are important aspects of the study of Maya books and literacy in general which still need investigation. Two pages from the Dresden Codex Venus Table. Photograph courtesy of Ivan Šprajc . [ See also Maya Screenfolds .] Davoust, Michel . Un nouveau commentaire du Codex de Dresde, Codex hiéroglyphique maya du XIV e siècle. Paris, 1997. Translation of the hieroglyphic texts; the analysis...
Chilam Balam, Books of Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...Vásquez and Morley ( 1949 ) and Gibson and Glass ( 1975 , 379–387) have provided helpful commentaries on the individual Books of Chilam Balam (used in compiling the descriptions here), as well as extensive lists of references. The citations of manuscript lengths are from Miram and Miram ( 1988 ) or from Gibson and Glass ( 1975 ); see also Weeks ( 1990 ). Places of origin of the extant Books of Chilam Balam. Courtesy of Meredith Paxton . Chan Cah (also the Chan Kan), Book of Chilam Balam of. Two possible places of origin have been identified for a...
Mayapán Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...It is similar in plan to, and may be a copy of, the earlier temple of Kukulcan at Chichén Itzá. Mexican influence is seen in elements such as the wide, flat balustrades, known as alfardas . Typical colonnaded structures can be seen flanking the base of the pyramid. Photograph courtesy of Clifford T. Brown . [ See also Northern Maya Lowlands .] Brainerd, George W. The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatan . Anthropological Records of the University of California, 19. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1958. Established the basic ceramic chronology for Yucatán,...
Tamoanchan Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...the broken tree of Tamoanchan; between the two, symbols of sin or transgression (the blindfolded man), death (the falling man), and night (house with darkness), the goddess introduces by her transgressions; she is also depicted as dead (since she died in childbirth). Drawing courtesy of Michel Graulich after Codex Borgia folio 66 . Aramoni Burguete, María Elena . Talokan Tata, Talokan Nana, nuestros raíces: Hierofanías y testimonios de un mundo indígena . Mexico City, 1990. Ethnographic study of contemporary traditions in the Sierra Norte of the...
Palmieri, Eddie (b. 1936) Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States
...No doubt Palmieri will remain one of the most prolific and popular Latin musicians in the world. See also Latin Jazz ; Music, Popular ; and Salsa . The Berkeley Agency. Eddie Palmieri . www.berkeleyagency.com/html/palmieri.html BroSociety. “Eddie Palmieri Biography.” Courtesy of the Berkeley Agency. www.brosociety.org/acts/palmieri/Eddie%20Palmieri%20Bio.htm Concord Records. “Eddie Palmieri: The Music, the Maestro, the Man.” www.eddiepalmierimusic.com Descarga. “The World's Best Latin Music.” www.descarga.com . This site has a good annotated...
Roberts, Robert (b. c. 1775) Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
...his life. Roberts's “House Servant's Directory” was perhaps the first book written by an African American and issued by a major publisher in the United States. It was originally published in Boston in 1827; the title page shown here is is that of the second printing, in 1828. Courtesy of Graham Hodges . Roberts made several trips to Europe as Appleton's servant between 1805 and 1812 . By the latter year he was back in Boston and involved in the black activist world. Paul Cuffe , the famed black ship captain and ardent proponent of black immigration to...
Kelly, Leontine T. C. (5 March 1920) Reference library
Black Women in America (2 ed.)
...continued teaching full-time at Northumberland High School. Bishop Leontine Kelly of the United Methodist church was the first African American woman to be elected bishop by a major American denomination. She retired in 1988 and then taught at the Pacific School of Religion. Courtesy of Mike DuBose, United Methodist News Service By the summer of 1969 , Leontine Kelly received the call to become an ordained minister and began formal study for a degree in theology. Receiving a scholarship, Kelly gave up her teaching job to do full-time study and received a...
Day-Signs Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...twenty day names eventually spread throughout Mesoamerica and are one of the defining traits of the region. They remain in use today among the day-keepers of highland Guatemala. The twenty Mesoamerican day signs. Mexican signs after Caso 1967: 6–7; Maya signs by Matthew Looper, courtesy of the Maya Hieroglyphic Database Project . [ See also Calendars and Calendrical Systems , article on Mesoamerican Calendar .] Berlo, Janet Catherine . “Early Writing in Central Mexico: In Tlilli, In Tlapalli.” In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan: A.D. 700–900 ,...
