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Anchors Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...D. Diderot L’Encyclopédie (1751–1772) Courtesy of John H. Harland Martin's Close-Stowing Anchor. From Alston, Seamanship (1902). Courtesy of John H. Harland CQR Pattern. Courtesy of John H. Harland Danforth Pattern. Courtesy of John H. Harland Forging an Anchor. From D. Diderot, L’Encyclopédie (1751–1772) Courtesy of John H. Harland Cat Tackle. From George Nares, Seamanship (1886). Courtesy of John H. Harland Stowed Anchor with Ring- and Shank-Painters. From George Nares, Seamanship (1886). Courtesy of John H. Harland In Britain the...
Bismarck Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...reduced in speed, she was systematically battered by HMS Rodney , King George V , Norfolk , and Dorsetshire . Battleship Bismarck. This photograph from astern was taken in 1940–1941, showing the stern anchor in its recessed well, folding propeller guards, and armor belt. Courtesy of the U.S. Naval Historical Center Bismarck ended her maiden voyage at 10:36 a.m. on May 27, 1941 . More than 2,100 of her crew died; 110 survivors were rescued by HMS Dorsetshire and Maori , and five were picked up later by German vessels. Scuttled by her own crew, she...
Ship’s Equipment Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...des Sciences offered a prize for the best solution; most of the many submitted designs involved some form of inclined ramp to nudge the turns upward. Eighteenth-Century Capstan. From L’Encyclopédie by D. Diderot (1751–1772). Courtesy of John H. Harland Phillips Geared Capstan. From Het Schip by G. P. J. Mossel (1859). Courtesy of John H. Harland When anchor was being weighed, the cable could usually be heaved in fairly readily, but difficulty was frequently encountered when it came to breaking the anchor out of the bottom. If only the capstan on the...
Shipyards Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...transfer to the slipway, enabling an important productivity improvement. Punching Machine This machine was manufactured by J. Bennie & Sons of Glasgow, Scotland, in 1899. Courtesy of Royal Schelde, Vlissingen, The Netherlands Slipways with Fixed Rotating Cranes. The unoccupied slipway to the left is shown being extended and strengthened in 1912 A Steam-driven Crane on Rails. Courtesy of Royal Schelde, Vlissingen, The Netherlands Various rivet connections were developed; these new connections were based on the principle that the hull plates had to overlap...
Motifs Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...motifs had great influence on subsequent German and French book illustration. Courtesy of Arvid Göttlicher Three artists in Basel made these woodcuts of The Mirror of Human Salvation, probably basing them on illustrations in an Alsatian manuscript. Published in a German language edition of Speculum Humanae Salvationis (Basel: Bernhard Richel, 1476), these two religious images with maritime motifs had great influence on subsequent German and French book illustration. Courtesy of Arvid Göttlicher Later, Hans Baldung Grien ’s Die Sinflut (The Flood),...
Photography and the Maritime Portrait, 1840–1865 Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...Head tribe, Amos Haskins (1816–1861) of New Bedford, Massachusetts, rose through the whaling industry to become a master mariner in 1851, when he commanded the bark Massasoit . He is believed to have been one of very few Native Americans ever to have achieved that position. Courtesy of the New Bedford Whaling Museum Unlike some overnight sensations, however, the daguerreotype had a profound and long-lasting influence on image making, especially on the ages-old practice of portrait painting. Suddenly, having one’s portrait painted, an event traditionally...
Oceania Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...for steering, or dips below the horizon, the navigator uses the next rising or setting star that lies on the key star’s “path.”. Courtesy of Joseph H. Genz Star Compass. In the central atolls of the Federated States of Micronesia, the rising and setting points of stars and constellations provide the names for thirty-two equally spaced divisions of the horizon. The compass points of only four stars are labeled for clarity. Courtesy of Joseph H. Genz Owing to the earth’s orbital motion around the sun, an annual shift occurs in which each star rises and sets...
Fiction Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...veracity. Seafaring narratives also modify traditional romance patterns in the social connotation of the mariner’s heroism. The knights of medieval romance embody an aristocratic ethos of virtue—evincing, in battle and in love, honor, strength, and superiority—leavened with courtesy, which is the mark of blood and birth. The heroic mariners, in contrast, command our admiration for their skill at sailing and surviving, which derives from their human capacity, and is unrelated to their birth, virtue, worldly polish, or even sheer strength. They are heroes,...
China Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...by the innovation of paper currency, which appeared in the early eleventh century. The boom in culture and the economy gave rise to a profusion of books and literature, multiplied by xylographic printing, which was invented before 1045 . Chinese Navigation. Two of Zheng He’s four tables for sailing by the stars, by Mao Yuanyi Wubeizhi, 1621. Left, from Sumatra to Sri Lanka; right, from Sri Lanka to Sumatra. Courtesy of François Bellec During the Southern Song dynasty ( 1127–1279 ), the wealth of Chinese ports ceased to depend on foreign merchant ships, and ...
Americas Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...de Verrazano, who had presented it to Henry VIII about 1525 and shows the western sea that Verrazzano imagined in the middle of the continent. As the first detailed representation of North America in an English publication, it had great influence on early English understanding. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, Providence Only slowly, through the determined probing of explorers such as Jacques Cartier , Samuel de Champlain , and Henry Hudson , did the existence and scope of a continent-size American landmass enter the minds of European leaders and...
Pacific Ocean Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
... Guam at the beginning of January 1596 , and reached Manila on February 11 . As the ship neared port, Mendaña ’s wife refused to share her private supplies of food with the starving crew, a selfishness that caused Quirós to exclaim, “What the Devil! Is this a time for courtesy with pigs?” Capitana eventually reached Acapulco in December 1596 . Quirós in turn finished this voyage obsessed with the idea of converting the inhabitants of Terra Australis . It took him some years to obtain royal backing, but he sailed again from Callao in 1605 ...
Navigational Instruments Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...Asia , the kamal is of unknown origin. Like the tavioleta or blalistinha do moura , it was used by Portuguese pilots near the end of the fifteenth century. Kamal One of the earliest and simplest navigational tools, the kamal consists of a card and a graduated (knotted) cord. Courtesy of Richard A. Paselk Astronomers made the first measurements of celestial altitudes. The earliest recorded instrument they used is the gnomon—a vertical stick of known length. The solar altitude is found from the length of the gnomon’s shadow at noon. The Greek astronomer ...
Education and Training Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...are closely linked to the nautical hierarchy, essential for securing a clear chain of command and immediate reaction in case of emergency. The captain is the head of this hierarchy, and is the master. Initially, the term “captain” applied only to commanders of warships. Only by courtesy is the master of a merchant vessel known as “captain.” Even today, “master” is the legal term for the commander of a British merchant ship, and “master” will therefore be used in this article. Such a nautical hierarchy has existed for hundreds of years, not only on board...
Ideals, Military Reference library
Lloyd J. Matthews and Timothy J. Lynch
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...Justice: “Any officer, cadet, or midshipman who is convicted of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.” Edwin Cady isolated three persisting traits of the American gentleman that pertain to the realm of ideals: character, courtesy, and cultivation. Character in turn includes the entire range of patrician virtues, a central one being the habit of truthfulness. Out of such a mix emerged the principle that comes close to defining the ethical nucleus of the officer's code of honor: “A gentleman's word is his...
Chivalry Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
...of the prose romance of Lancelot . The models of knighthood presented through the Arthurian romances were indeed particularly significant. Arthur’s court was a kind of headquarters of chivalry from which Arthur’s knights set out on their adventures and to which they returned; courtesy and courtliness, the style and manners appropriate to a court, thus acquired a place beside martial prowess among the virtues to be expected of an ideal knight. And it was through such stories as those of Lancelot and Tristan that the troubadour ethos of courtly love was...
Congress and Foreign Policy and Military Affairs Reference library
Charles A. Stevenson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...may not relate at all to the person being nominated. Taking hostages in this way is allowed under Senate procedures, because unanimous-consent agreements are usually required before debate on bills and nominations can begin. A “hold” on a nomination is respected under senatorial courtesy and usually leads to legislative–executive discussions looking for an accommodation. At one point in 2009 an Alabama senator blocked action on more than seventy nominations in several departments in an effort to prevent budget cuts affecting his state. Eventually he backed...
Low Countries Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
... Top : Three men-at-arms decapitate a man at the town gates while an alderman offers the town keys to a group of knights. Middle : The castellan ( left ) is attacked by three men-at-arms and is eventually decapitated ( right ). Bottom : The banners of the Flemish army. © Courtesy of The Warden and Scholars of New College, Oxford/The Bridgeman Art Library International another daughter of the duke, tried to benefit from the absence of a male heir. War erupted between the two principalities in 1356–1357 . Although the Brabançons were defeated at Scheut on...
Germany Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
...enduring a German cavalry charge and the death of their commander. Thietmar of Merseburg estimated imperial casualties to have been roughly four thousand men killed and massacred after capture, including some of Otto’s most dependable commanders. The emperor himself escaped courtesy of a Greek ship, and died in Rome in December 983 while preparing a new campaign against the Saracens. Otto III. Assessments of German military activity grow progressively more difficult after the death of Otto II , in part because of the increasingly fragmented nature of...
UK Reference library
John Gooch, Angus Calder, J. M. Lee, M. R. D. Foot, Keith Jeffery, M. R. D. Foot, Angus Calder, Charles Messenger, M. R. D. Foot, Tony Lane, M. R. D. Foot, and Peter Stansky
The Oxford Companion to World War II
...a shortage of reading material, just at a time when long periods of boring wartime duty gave people more time to read. Penguin Books, eminent in the cheap paperback market since the mid-1930s with books priced at sixpence (under 3p) each, provided a mass of crime and adventure stories, suitable for reading in air-raid shelters, as well as more serious books, both literary and political. Largely through Penguin's influence, books began to form part of the English domestic furniture in a much wider range of houses than had been the case before the war—another...
