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courtesy books Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
... books Didactic works prescribing forms of outward behaviour, for example table manners, in secular society. They are distinguished from the didactic literature concerned with spiritual improvement, and may be considered alongside manuals of *chivalry , eloquence, and *courtly love . Partially inspired by monastic rules and customaries, conduct literature proliferated throughout Europe in the later MA and afterwards. The *‘Mirror for Princes’ sub-genre is often studied, but courtesy books for women and for the emerging bourgeois elite are now...
15 Children’s Books Reference library
Andrea Immel
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...least in wealthy households). In a society where books were relatively uncommon, the ability to read was highly variable, and works were often intended for audiences of all ages. During the late 15 th and 16 th centuries, much of what children read had been in circulation before the invention of printing. By modern standards, few concessions were made to children as readers. Production was dominated by didactic works, including Latin *grammars (by Donatus and others), courtesy literature or *conduct books (e.g. Robert Grosseteste ’s Puer ad Mensam ),...
48 The History of the Book in America Reference library
Scott E. Casper and Joan Shelley Rubin
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...absence of international copyright treaties, rival editions of popular British authors could lead to falling book prices as publishers sought to undersell one another. This concern led to the extra-legal but widely understood conventions known as ‘the courtesy of the trade’. The primary tenet of trade courtesy stipulated that the first American publisher to announce that it had a foreign work ‘in press’ won the rights to its publication; other publishers were expected to relinquish any plans to publish it. By a second principle, the ‘rule of association’, the...
19 The Electronic Book Reference library
Eileen Gardiner and Ronald G. Musto
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of TEI in the world of libraries, archives, and publishing continued to assure its dominance. 7 Models and aesthetics E-books are extremely adaptable and functional; New and old technology: the iLiad Reader marketed by Libresco. Just as the characteristics of *newspapers changed people’s reading habits and the railway revolutionized the distribution of print, so e-books may change how, what, when, and where material is read. Courtesy of Libresco.com when the proper coding language and syntax are applied, they can be formatted and designed to mirror the...
11 The Technologies of Print Reference library
James Mosley
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...curves and straight lines. Courtesy of Professor James Mosley Nevertheless, the underlying technical processes employed to produce the printed page have changed tremendously. The widespread use of metal type had effectively ceased by about 1980 : such type is now employed only rarely, to make special kinds of books ( see private presses ). Words are still generally placed on paper with ink, but carbon particles (or *toner ) fused by an electrostatic process are more likely to be used to generate copies of digitized books that are printed on *demand ....
14 Printed Ephemera Reference library
Michael Harris
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...production of some striking images depicting the mass of print displayed in public spaces. The spread of ephemera and *display types : *playbills , *posters , and *broadsides painted by John Orlando Parry in his London Street Scene (1835), also known as The Posterman . Courtesy of Alfred Dunhill Museum and Archive Across the entire modern period, a huge and expanding volume of print in all its forms was in circulation. In the attempt to get some sort of *bibliographical control over the composition and character of ephemera, scholars have undertaken...
10 Paper Reference library
Daven Christopher Chamberlain
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...(Nuremberg, 1661). With water-powered hammers, the linen rags are pulped. The *vatman stands at the *vat with a *mould ; the *coucher presses the *post ; the drying *sheets hang on ropes above, ready to be *sized , calendared, gathered into *reams , and packaged. Courtesy of Alan Crocker This is then passed to a second worker, the *coucher , who transfers the wet fibre mat on to a textile, usually of felt, to support it during the next process, pressing. A stack of alternating wet mats and felts, called a *post , is introduced into a mechanical...
chivalry
courtliness and courtesy
de Acosta, José (1540–1600) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...in 1588 . Its six books reflect on the best ways to Christianize Native Americans. Acosta criticized Spanish treatment of Indians and questioned whether Spanish conquests were just wars. He argued that Spanish greed and cruelty hindered conversions. The last book of Procuring explores the problems that missionaries faced. Acosta's second major work, Natural and Moral History of the Indies , contains a total of seven books and was published in Seville in 1590 ; Italian, French, German, Dutch, and English translations followed. Four books present a...
Thunberg, Carl Peter (1743–1828) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...Title page to Thunberg, Travels in Europe, Africa and Asia (4 vols., London, 1796). This title page reminds us that during the eighteenth century, explorers from many different European countries were active, and their accounts were read with avidity all over the Continent. Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago In March 1775 , Thunberg sailed to Java and then, masquerading as a Dutchman, continued on to Deshima Island in Nagasaki Bay, Japan, arriving there in August . In mid-1776 he obtained permission to travel to Edo (present-day Tokyo). On his...
Ortelius, Abraham (1527–1598) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...Lafreri atlases, many of which still survive, were thus varied in their content, with maps of different regions and different sizes. Map of Central Africa. From Dixon Denham’s Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa. (London: John Murray, 1828). Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago The great originality of Ortelius was that in 1570 he published an atlas containing a set of maps in the same format, all engraved “by the artful hand of Franciscus Hogenberg .” This first edition contained seventy maps, mostly of regions of...
Edwards, Amelia (1831–1892) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...based on her watercolor sketches and is considered to be the first broad archaeological catalog of Egypt's antiquities. Amelia Edwards. This plate from the 1889 edition of Edwards’s A Thousand Miles up the Nile shows her gift for setting antiquities into their environment. Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago Edwards described her trip to Egypt as an “accident,” as she and her companion had no plans to go to Egypt when they set out traveling. Their original plans were to go to France to do some sketching, but a continual rain drove them southward...
Stark, Freya (1893–1993) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...have many lessons for her Western readers. As she put it, “in these pictures is given, however faintly, the harmony of a world few will see.” The very buildings of the Hadhramaut seemed, unlike those of modern Europe, to be “in harmony with the background from which they rise.” Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago Stark had a gift for languages, and by the time she was ten years old, she spoke English, French, Italian, and German. Later in life she took up Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. To facilitate her study of Arabic, she moved to Syria, and then, in 1929...
Bird, Isabella (1831–1904) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...as a speaker. Isabella Bird. “My House in the Rocky Mountains” from A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains (London, 1885). There is something delightfully domestic about this image, and also some curious features. Could that be a mill-wheel, protruding from the rightmost cabin? Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago Isabella Bird was born on October 15, 1831 , in Yorkshire , England , and died on October 7, 1904 , in Edinburgh , Scotland . As her father, Edward Bird , was a clergyman, and her mother, Dora Lawson Bird , was the daughter of a clergyman,...
Catlin, George (1796–1872) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...resulted in his selling his law books in 1823 and moving to Philadelphia . As a self-taught portrait painter, he attracted political figures and sketched his first Indian portraits. So successful was he that he was elected to the Pennsylvania Academy of Art in 1824 . George Catlin. Plate from Life among the Indians: A Book for Youth (London, 1861). Catlin was an indefatigable popularizer, and this book for young people is an example of the way in which he brought a popular artistic style to a wide audience. Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago...
Filchner, Wilhelm (1877–1957) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...Südpolar-Expedition (Berlin, c. 1922). This efficient little map shows European ventures to Antarctica (“Südpol: Amundsen, Scott, Shackleton”), and also the course of Filchner's ship, the Deutschland , to “Prinzregt. Luitpold Ld.” [See the article on Wilhelm Filchner.] COURTESY THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY CHICAGO The ship got frozen in by March , and while it was drifting into the Weddell Sea, Filchner left, together with Alfred Kling and Felix König , on a dangerous dog-sledge trip over some 40 miles (65 kilometers) of sea ice. By being able to do so,...
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...At least two of the maps were by Aaron Arrowsmith and were remarkable—like this map of Africa—for having very large blank spaces. It is easy to imagine how Jefferson’s mind would dwell on the need to fill in these huge blanks. Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago Exploration was for Jefferson a life experience. His passion for books was in part an outgrowth of his desire to explore things and places. The acquisition by the United States of the Louisiana Territory offered another resource for learning about the unknown in what to most Americans in 1803 was...
Workman, Fanny Bullock (1859–1925) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
...and Glaciers of Nun Kun (London: Constable, 1909). This is an amusing example of effortless European superiority—if there is one thing the Workmans are not going to do, it is march! Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago The Workmans published eight books about both their bicycling and their Himalayan adventures. Although they are both listed as authors for the first seven books, Fanny is thought to have done most of the writing, and for the last book in the series, published in 1917 , she is the sole author. Their expeditions in the Himalayas provided...
Sturt, Charles (1795–1869) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Exploration
... (London: T. and W. Boone, 1849). The width of the streets, the astonishing variety of the vehicles, and the wide range of people, give a powerful impression of the kind of settlement, presumably Adelaide in this case, from which the great Australian expeditions set out. Courtesy The Newberry Library, Chicago Between November 1828 and May 1830 Sturt led two expeditions that resolved many of the mysteries surrounding the inland river system. On the first expedition, he followed both the Bogan and the Castlereagh rivers to the previously unknown...
