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Art, Bronze and Iron Age Reference library
Izak Cornelius
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...): Early Bronze Age, 3200 to 2300; Middle Bronze Age, 2300 to 1550; Late Bronze Age, 1550 to 1200/1150; Iron Age I, 1200/1150 to 980; Iron Age IIA, 980 to 830; Iron Age IIB, 830 to 722/701; and Iron Age IIC, 722/701 to 587. Lion and lioness relief from Beth-Shean. Kim Walton, courtesy of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem Bronze Age. Although sculpture and reliefs are rarer in this region, there are examples made of stone. A bull statuette comes from Early Bronze–Age Arad, as does a stela with incised figures, which might show an erotic scene. Incised stone from...
Ashdod Reference library
David Ben-Shlomo
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...was some ceramic evidence of the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze periods, the earliest architectural remains are from Middle Bronze IIC, reached only in Area G, and indicate that the site was then settled only on the acropolis, occupying Philistine figurine (Ashdoda). Kim Walton, courtesy of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem an area of 20 acres (8 ha). During the Late Bronze Age II, Ashdod was apparently a fairly large settlement, distinguished by several remarkable Egyptian artifacts of the thirteenth and the beginning of the twelfth centuries b.c.e. ; an Egyptian...
Bible and Historical Geography Reference library
Yigal Levin
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...survey of western Palestine, and by the end of the nineteenth century most of the land west of the Jordan had been surveyed and mapped. In the closing decade of the nineteenth century, the Palestine Exploration Fund contributed one Mile marker on the Via Egnatia. Kim Walton, courtesy of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Greece more vital facet of what would become part of modern biblical historical geography, and that was the importation of modern archaeological methods into the country. Key to this was the excavation directed from 1890 to 1894 by...
Literacy, Iron Age Reference library
Alice Mandell
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...later period. In particular, these scholars characterize the period of the Yehud administrative and temple institutions under Ezra and Nehemiah as the main era in which Israelite Letter from Lachish (#3) in which the writer responds to an accusation of illiteracy. Kim Walton, courtesy of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem identity crystallized. They attribute the heyday of scribalism, the spread of literacy, and the interest in and need for historical writing (i.e., the composition of biblical texts) mainly to the exilic, postexilic, and Hellenistic periods. Others...
Death and Burial, Hellenistic and Roman Period, Palestine Reference library
Byron R. McCane
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...Some tombs include an area which appears to have been the setting for lamenting and/or eulogizing the deceased. Made up of either a circle of benches or a row (or rows) of seats, these “mourning enclosures” are usually situated in front of and Ossuary of Caiaphas. Kim Walton, courtesy of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem around the entrance to the tomb. Some literary sources describe a ceremony in which friends and neighbors arranged themselves in rows in order to offer condolences to the bereaved, in a kind of receiving line ( m. Ber. 3:2 , m. Meg. 4:3 , m....
Gender, Bronze and Iron Age Reference library
Mayer I. Gruber
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...but designated by their prophetic offices, apiltum , qammatum , and muhhutum . Texts from Nineveh dating to the reigns of Esarhaddon (r. 681–669 b.c.e. ) and Ashurbanipal (r. 668–627 b.c.e. ) mention nine female Image of ivory box with female musicians. Kim Walton, courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York prophets: Ahat-abisha, Baya, Dunnasha-amur, and Sinqisha-amur of Arbela; Ilussa-Amur of Assur; Issar-beli- א adini, Mullissu-kabtat, Remutti-Allati of Dara-ahaya, and Urkittu-sharrat from Calah. Some evidence points to transgendered...
Anchors Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
... Harris , trans. Pliny: Natural History . Vol. 2, Books 3–7. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass., 1942. Rackham , Harris , trans. Pliny: Natural History . Vol. 4, Books 12–16. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass., 1945. Rosloff, Jay . “A One-Armed Anchor of c. 400 B.C.E. from Ma'agan Michael Vessel, Israel: A Preliminary Report.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 20.3 (1991): 223–226. Sage, E. T. , trans. Livy: From the Founding of the City . Vol. 10, Books 35–37. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.,...
MASADA Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...an abundance of water to the elaborate bathhouses, pools, and (during the Jewish Revolt) ritual baths. [See Aqueducts ; Cisterns ; Baths ; Pools ; Ritual Baths .] MASADA. Figure 1. North end of the site showing the Herodian domestic palace, bath house, and storerooms . (Courtesy Pictorial Archive) The four palace complexes contain the most spectacular of all the architecture at Masada. The best known of these, the Northern Palace-Villa complex on the northernmost point of the summit, was built in three tiers near the edge of the cliff ( see figure 1 )....
Biblical Temple Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...of Philo and the intertestamental Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, particularly Maccabees (Books 1 and 2). The New Testament also has many references to the Second Temple in its Herodian phase. From among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Temple Scroll, although visionary in spirit, probably had the Zerubbabel Temple as its point of reference and may have influenced the architecture and decoration of the Herodian temple. BIBLICAL TEMPLE. Tabernacle of Moses. (Courtesy M. Lyon) Perhaps the greatest irony regarding the archaeology of the Near East is that the...
Tablet Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...tablet containing five columns on its obverse and six on its reverse and about 770 lines of literary text; the average height of a sign is only 1.7 mm. [See Ebla ; Isin .] TABLET. Cuneiform tablet, Tell Hadidi . A Late Bronze Age record of the sale of a house. (Courtesy Rudolph Dornemann) In the earliest examples, the surface of a clay tablet was divided into rectangular “cases” (rectangles marked off in the clay with a stylus). From the end of the third millennium onward, the use of cases was gradually abandoned and texts became linear, often...
Byblos Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...Syrian temple [Montet, 1929 ]), is among the earliest monumental structures in Phoenicia. The lady of Byblos has a known relationship to the Egyptian goddess Hathor, and the temple produced many inscribed Egyptian offerings. BYBLOS. Figure 1. Early Bronze Age city walls . (Courtesy M. Joukowsky) By 2800 bce , Byblos was a planned city with massive walls and two gates, one on the land side and one at the seaport; the city wall had a sloping glacis with cobblestones on the north exterior surface and square buttresses on the interior ( see figure 1 ). By ...
Mosaics Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...in Antioch; the church in Zahrani, Lebanon; and the basilica in Salamis/Constantia, Cyprus). Such designs suited the need for aniconic decoration necessitated by the prohibition against images contained in the Second Commandment. MOSAICS. Figure 1. Mosaic from Shavei-Zion . (Courtesy Lucille A. Roussin) The increase in mosaic production throughout the Near East in the fifth century is a sign of the region's general prosperity and political stability. Mosaic workshops in Turkey, Syria, and Cyprus continued to flourish, and mosaic production in Lebanon and...
Hazor Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...the ceramic repertoire of these early strata shows a close affinity with Syria. Noteworthy are several cylinder seal impressions on storage jars, of types well known from other EB sites in the north of the country. HAZOR. Plan of the ancient city and excavation areas . (Courtesy A. Ben-Tor) Middle Bronze I (stratum XVIII). The transitional phase between the Early and Middle Bronze Ages is represented at Hazor by a handful of sherds found exclusively in the upper city. Most of these belong to the black-slipped and reserve-slipped wares of the Orontes...
Tile Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...River; Gordion on the plateau). [See Sardis ; Gordion .] The exact mode of transport is uncertain, although itinerant coroplasts equipped with tools, molds, and pattern books are likely. Tiles have not been found farther east than Boğazköy and Pazarli, within the bend of the Halys River. [See Boğazköy .] TILE: Building Tile. Figure 1. Reconstructed roof, Gordion . (Courtesy M. R. Glendinning) The principal roofing system in Anatolia was a hybridization of the Greek Corinthian and Laconian styles, combining flat pan tiles with rounded cover tiles....
Nag Hammadi Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...Gnostic papyri in close proximity provides some challenging and interesting problems of integration and historical sequence. Judgment about the Gnostic movement in Upper Egypt must take into account the above data. NAG HAMMADI. The opening page of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas . (Courtesy ASOR Archives) The large size of the Pachomian monastic complex confirms the allusions in literary sources to the extent of the monastic movement in Upper Egypt. Along with the contemporaneous extensive rise of monasticism in Lower Egypt (as developed by St. Antony and in the...
Bone Tool Technology in the Stone Age of Africa Reference library
Justin Bradfield
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Archaeology
...changes ( Backwell and d’Errico 2016 ; Lombard 2016 ). Figure 2. Bone points from Middle Stone Ages sites. A , arrowhead from Klasies River Main site (Author); B–D , bone points from Blombos Cave (images provided courtesy of Christopher Henshilwood and Francesco d’Errico); E , arrowhead from Sibudu (image provided courtesy of Lucinda Backwell). The Later Stone Age: Functional Diversity Terrestrial Hunting From the conclusion of the post–Howiesons Poort period, bone tools are again sparsely recorded. Evidence for bone working reappears...
Digital Sources for the History of the Horn of Africa Reference library
Massimo Zaccaria
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources
...complexity and the cost of such projects still limit their implementation to a few institutions. Figure 1. ʿUrā Masqal, TƏgrāy, Ethiopia, MS Ethio-SPaRe UM-039, ff. 12v–13r, Fragment of the History of the Patriarchate of Alexandria in the Aksumite Collection . Courtesy of Hiob Ludolf Centre for Ethiopian Studies, Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg. The research on Ethiopian manuscripts began with and has continued to focus on texts of the Christian tradition. However, over the years it has become clear that the Islamic communities in the...
Northeastern African Stone Age Reference library
Alice Leplongeon
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Archaeology
...D. Site E71P1A: Halfan core; E–H. Site E71K18: ortogonal core (E), small proximal truncations (F–H); I–K. Site E71K20: opposed platform blade core (I), distal truncation (J), backed artifact (K). Source : Photographs by Alice Leplongeon, taken courtesy of the Belgium Middle Egypt Palaeolithic Project (A, B) and courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum (C–K). Most sites from this period are surface lithic assemblages, and their attribution to LP relies on their lithic characteristics or general geomorphological context. A few stratified sites, however,...
Animating African History: Digital and Visual Trends Reference library
Paula Callus
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources
...both graphic novel and animation such as the living tableaus depicted in the Swaziland documentary Liyana ( 2017 ) by Aaron and Amanda Kopp. Figure 3. Photo of EVLC studio in Nigeria, which produces Bino and Fino. Photo courtesy of Adamu Waziri. Figure 4. Photo of Bino and Fino in production editing stage. Photo courtesy of Adamu Waziri. Another key figure in the discourse of Nigerian animation is the artist Ebele Okoye, who works in both Berlin and Lagos. Her twenty-eight-minute The Legacy of the Rubies ( 2015 ) won the Africa Movie Academy Awards...
Writing African History in France during the Colonial Era Reference library
Sophie Dulucq
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources
...research on a regular basis. 9 Figure 1. Cover of the Bulletin de l’Académie malgache , 1922. Source : Digital photo courtesy of AymericDM , Scribd. In the Bulletin de l’Académie malgache , contributors included administrators, army officers, missionaries, and some Malagasy scholars. At the same time, a library and an archival department were opened in Antananarivo for the purpose of acquiring all the documents, books, and manuscripts that were of interest to the colony. 10 Across all the French sub-Saharan colonies, including Afrique Occidentale...
