monotheism Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...the supernatural beliefs of classical Greece and Rome, Hinduism , Buddhism , Shinto, and numerous indigenous religions of Africa and the Americas. Polytheism is particularly condemned in Islam, where shirk (or associating another deity with Allah) is regarded as a form of atheism. See also theism...
Central Asia and the Caucasus Reference library
Anara Tabyshalieva and Marianne Kamp
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
...and nineteenth centuries. The tsarist administration refrained from challenging the Muslim identity of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz peoples. During the Soviet era ( 1917–1991 ), the Communist Party pursued a policy of aggressive state atheism and rapid female emancipation as a part of the de-Islamization of Central Asia. Under state atheism, a number of mosques and churches were demolished and religious leaders were harassed and executed. To facilitate control over Muslims, the Kremlin established the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan...
Sex Education Reference library
Susan K. Freeman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...difficult topics. Backlash against more liberal approaches to sex education arose in the late twentieth century. Such right-wing organizations as the John Birch Society and the Christian Crusade attacked SIECUS and public school leaders, accusing them of sexual deviance, atheism, and anti-Americanism. They mobilized opposition by suggesting that children witnessed sex acts in classrooms where comprehensive sex education occurred, and they succeeded in electing like-minded people to school boards in districts around the country. By the end of the...
Astronomy and Astrology Reference library
Daniel Bannoura
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
...and philosophers like Ibn Sīnā, known as Avicenna ( d. 1037 ), Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī ( d. 1111 ), Ibn Rushd ( d. 1198 ), and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah ( d. 1350 ). It was associated with the schismatic Shīʿī and Bāṭinīyah, or with the suspicious foreign sciences, or with outright atheism. It was also attacked on religious grounds for being closely aligned with divination and for denying divine intervention and free will. While its appeal to Muslim intellectuals declined rapidly after the Mongol invasions in the thirteenth century, astrological practice was...
Human Rights Reference library
Nader Hashemi and Emran Qureshi
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
...on religion. The provisions regarding religion did not aim for neutrality: Article 10 stated that Islam was the religion of unspoiled nature and prohibited “any form of compulsion on man or to exploit his poverty or ignorance in order to convert him to another religion or to atheism.” Article 9 called for the state to ensure the means to acquire education “so as to enable man to be acquainted with the religion of Islam.” The favored treatment of Islam carried over to freedom of speech, with Article 22(a) stating that expressing opinion freely was allowed “in...
Immigration Reference library
Rudolph J. Vecoli and Donna R. Gabaccia
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...between German Americans and Anglo-Americans. German immigrants were also denounced as dangerous radicals. Many so-called 48ers—veterans of the 1848 revolutions in Europe—and their turnvereins (cultural and athletic clubs) did indeed profess radical republicanism and atheism. Some espoused Marxist socialism and anarchism. German immigrants established strong labor unions and socialist organizations modeled after those in Germany . The 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago resulted in the suppression of the German-led anarchist movement and fixed in...
Popular Religion Reference library
Benjamin B. DeVan, Dale F. Eickelman, Abbas Jaffer, Bianca J. Smith, Charles C. Stewart, and Zahraa McDonald
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
...traditions and their precedents. Muslim women in Europe and America actively converse and collaborate with Christians, Jews, and others who mutually enrich and influence each other. Some women convert to or away from Islam to other religions such as Christianity, or confess atheism, as Ayaan Hirsi Ali does at the time of this writing. Muslim women are role models in scholarship, sports, and the arts who publicly and privately exemplify their religious identities to others. Their words and achievements inform and reshape popular perceptions and portrayals of...
Legal Status Reference library
Julye Bidmead, F. Rachel Magdalene, Lauren Caldwell, Robert N. Stegmann, Judith Hauptman, and David M. Reis
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...); “pernicious” ( exitiablilis ); and “novel and mischievous” ( novae ac maleficae )—that register their derision and contempt. As members of this type of association, Christians suffered under the weight of a variety of other abusive labels, the three most popular being atheism, immorality, and misanthropy. The failure to acknowledge Roman divinities meant that Christians were “godless and impious” and guilty of worshiping a corpse (Justin Martyr, 2 Apology 3; Athenagoras, Plea Regarding the Christians 4; Origen, Against Celsus 7.68). Connecting...
Religious Leaders Reference library
Ilan Peled, Jonathan Stökl, Vanessa L. Lovelace, Ioanna Patera, David M. Reis, J. Brian Tucker, Tal Ilan, Outi Lehtipuu, Bronwen Neil, and Damien Casey
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...the culmination of a trend beginning in the Hebrew scriptures, whereby sacrifice is removed from the domain of cultic ritual and becomes service, practical and ethical: acts of mercy, not sacrifice (cf. Hos 6:6 and Matt 9:13 ). Early Christians were often suspected of “atheism” precisely because they did not sacrifice as the pagans understood it. Sacrifice had been spiritualized and internalized so that we find, especially prominently in Paul’s thought, the conviction that it is Christians themselves who constitute the new Temple. Early Christians...
Religious Participation Reference library
Jo-Ann Scurlock, Jo-Ann Scurlock, Susan Ackerman, Lynn Lidonnici, Darja Šterbenc Erker, Alicia D. Myers, Ross S. Kraemer, and Lily Vuong
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...several different parts, each with its own meaning and result. Rhetoric, mythology, religion, and gender. Although the term “religion” in the modern sense is not meaningful for the ancient period, both individuals and governing bodies had strong ideas about tradition, blasphemy, atheism, and magic, and they used those concepts as part of rhetorical strategies against the introduction of frightening cults. This rhetoric often linked qualities of foreignness, danger, and unseemliness with qualities of femininity (or the absence of masculinity), sometimes by...
