Immigration Reference library
David M. Reimers
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History
...between German Americans and Anglo-Americans. German immigrants were also denounced as dangerous radicals. Many so-called 48ers—veterans of the 1848 revolutions in Europe—and their turnvereins (cultural and athletic clubs) did indeed profess radical republicanism and atheism. Some espoused Marxist socialism and anarchism. German immigrants established strong labor unions and socialist organizations modeled after those in Germany. The 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago resulted in the suppression of the German-led anarchist movement and fixed in the...