Pancasila Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History
...by those arguing for a theist but non-Islamic state and, increasingly, by rightwing antiparty forces associated with the army. When Lieutenant General Suharto seized power ( 1966 ) and launched an antileftist pogrom, he represented his victory as a triumph of Pancasila over atheism and foreign ideologies. In the hands of his ideologues, Pancasila was redefined as embodiment of indigenous cultural and legal wisdom, emphasizing harmony, hierarchy, and order, elevated as the supreme legal principle of Suharto's “New Order.” Resolution No. XX/1966 of the...
Cold War Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the High Court of Australia
...into Australia for a peace conference. In 1940 , he went on to ban the Communist Party of Australia ( CPA )—a ban lifted by Evatt in 1942 . His anti-communism, driven, as it typically is, by a loathing of socialist regimentation, of the ideology of class struggle, and of atheism, along with a fear of Russian world conquest, led him to denounce the CPA as a treacherous integer of the Moscow-controlled worldwide communist apparatus. By 1948 , Menzies was part of a mounting chorus of demands for the outlawing of the CPA. Unlike the United States Supreme...
Education and Training Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History
...for active participation in the task of Islamizing Pakistan.” Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia has undergone similar changes. In Malaysia and Indonesia, a system of Islamic schools ( pesantren ) coexisted with state and private secularized universities. In Central Asia, “atheism” had been imposed after the 1920s, mosques and religious schools were closed, and courts were secularized by the Bolsheviks. Renewed Islamic practices appeared when the Republics of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan became independent in 1991 . Sufi...
Engel v. Vitale Reference library
Kermit L. Hall
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History
...beliefs. President John F. Kennedy supported the Court by noting that Americans were still free to pray at home with their children. Yet fundamentalist religious groups charged that the Court in Engel had erected too high a barri-er between church and state and had promoted atheism, agnosticism, and secularization. [ See also Bill of Rights ; Black, Hugo ; Christian Coalition ; Civil Liberties ; Kennedy, John F. ; Moral Majority; Supreme Court, U.S. ; and Warren, Earl . ] Bibliography Hall, Kermit L. The Magic Mirror: Law in American History ....
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History
... narrowly defeated President Adams . Elections such as 1800 that threaten the established order tend to bring out the worst in campaigners. This election featured smear tactics far in excess of the modern negative campaign. Federalists attacked Jefferson for his alleged atheism, radicalism, and lack of moral standards. The Jeffersonians fought back by charging that Adams intended to marry one of his sons to the daughter of the king of England, start an American monarchy, and reunite America and England. The election of 1800 produced major changes...
Religious Freedom Reference library
Encyclopedia of Human Rights
...Nations following World War II, freedom of thought, conscience, and religion was enshrined in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, affirmed alongside freedom of expression and freedom of assembly and other rights. The twentieth century had seen militant atheism rise in the Soviet Union, a Holocaust that murdered six million Jews as the “Final Solution” to the Jewish “problem,” and the partition of India and Pakistan essentially along religious lines. Recognition of the failed efforts of the League of Nations to conclude treaties to...
Islam Reference library
Encyclopedia of Human Rights
...Article 10 stated that Islam was the religion of unspoiled nature and treated proselytizing for other faiths as predatory and exploitative—prohibiting “any form of compulsion on man or to exploit his poverty or ignorance in order to convert him to another religion or to atheism.” With this prohibition, the Cairo Declaration seemed to set the stage for penalizing apostasy from Islam, but without expressly stipulating that Islamic law barred conversions from Islam and required that apostates be executed. Article 9 called for the state to ensure the means...
Constitutions and Human Rights Reference library
Encyclopedia of Human Rights
...The drafters of both acts also differed with regard to religious freedom: Americans emphasized the importance of religious tolerance and the separation of state and church but distanced themselves from the French attitudes that approached, at times, a level of ideological atheism. Despite numerous similarities, the first French and American bills each retained their own specific flavor. Naturalistic Language of the First Bills of Rights The language of the first American and European constitutional bills of rights was predominantly naturalistic. The...
Cuban Americans Reference library
Gerald E. Poyo
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
...religious traditions like Santeria, still the largest of Cuba’s religious traditions, also participated in establishing religious communities. Though all of these traditions had a different take on the Cuban Revolution, they all agreed that the government’s aggressive atheism inhibited their freedom of religious devotion and practice. These various religious groups played an important role within the exilic communities, bringing a diversity of thought and action to bear on the Cuban question; but they also focused on helping Cubans adjust to their new...
Elections Reference library
J. Morgan Kousser, Alan Ware, Allan J. Lichtman, Charles A. Kromkowski, and Donald A. DeBats
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History
... narrowly defeated President Adams . Elections such as 1800 that threaten the established order tend to bring out the worst in campaigners. This election featured smear tactics far in excess of the modern negative campaign. Federalists attacked Jefferson for his alleged atheism, radicalism, and lack of moral standards. The Jeffersonians fought back by charging that Adams intended to marry one of his sons to the daughter of the king of England, start an American monarchy, and reunite America and England. The election of 1800 produced major changes...
