Thomas Harriot
Charles Bradlaugh
deism
William Paley
humanism
Friedrich Engels
Pencz, Georg (c. 1500–50) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Western Art
...and printmaker. He was in Dürer 's workshop in 1523 , though he did not paint murals in Nuremberg Town Hall after Dürer's designs, as has long been claimed. In 1525 , together with the brothers Sebald and Barthel Beham , Pencz was expelled from the city for anarchism and atheism, but was readmitted later in the same year. In 1550 , he was named court artist to Duke Albrecht of Prussia in Königsberg; he died on his way to accept the appointment. Pencz's paintings show the influence of Dürer and Italy, which he visited several times. They are cool and...
Jewellery Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts
...jewels of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Other jewels worn with the picturesque clothes of the Romantic period represented knights in armour and pairs of celebrated lovers. Devotional jewels were worn as a response to the religious revival that came as a reaction to the atheism of the French Revolution: belt buckles—exaggerated to emphasize the small waist—might represent pilgrims kneeling at a shrine; rosaries and rosary rings were displayed, and Greek, Latin, Maltese and Jerusalem crosses, decorated with Gothic cusping and tracery, imparted a nun-like...
Longinus Reference library
David Armstrong
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...during the Age of Reason and among the succeeding early Romantics that he had his greatest influence. On the Sublime seemed then to offer a ready refuge for those who still believed in the greatness of human nature and the sublimity of artistic experience from the threats of atheism and scientism. It also seemed to offer classical authority against the mere elegance and “correctness” that many thought had infected eighteenth-century art and literature. The first enthusiasts among European writers and artists for such examples of the natural sublime as the...
Gell, Alfred (1945–1997) Reference library
Marko Živković
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...of counterintuitive argument he developed as a participant in the lively British “seminar culture.” Gell inaugurated his intervention into anthropology of art in his “Enchantment” essay (Gell, 1992 ) arguing that just as anthropology of religion should practice “methodological atheism” by suspending judgments about the ontological status of religious entities, anthropology of art should practice “methodological philistinism” by suspending our aesthetic “religion.” Anthropology should rather treat art as, for instance, “psychological warfare,” in which...
Breton, André (1896–1966) Reference library
Barbara Lekatsas
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...thinks of Guillaume Apollinaire’s esprit nouveau or Breton’s essay by virtually the same name, or even Wassily Kandinsky’s theoretical masterpiece, Über das Geistige in der Kunst [Concerning the Spiritual in Art]). This zeal for spirit, however, was balanced by the avowals of atheism and the hostility toward any system that stood on a principle of authority. Nowhere was the conflict more full-blown than in Surrealism, where the author/authority is rejected, as is the concept of plot. Rejecting the end, Breton, along the lines of other avant-garde movements,...
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–1881) Reference library
Timothy Gould
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...and the world will be hard to leave behind, but leaving them behind is a condition of our awakening, hence a condition of our taking what Emerson calls a new step. Like Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich von Schelling, Emerson was concerned to combat the false dichotomies of atheism and traditional theology. Such a dichotomy, for Emerson, went hand in hand with the alternation of materialism and superstition in our justifications of human conduct. But the despotism of the ancien régimes and the various priestly ideologies that supported them were only...
Romantic Literature Reference library
Samuel Tongue
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts
...19–20).” However, Shelley’s sense of the prophetic abilities of the poet is not necessarily tied to orthodox religious conviction. Shelley published a pamphlet titled “The Necessity of Atheism” ( 1811 ), a move that got him expelled from Oxford University but which remains part of the debate over Shelley’s own perspective on the relationship between theism, deism, and atheism ( see Shelley, 1994 ); the tract opens with the statement “There is no God. This negation must be understood solely to affect a creative Deity. The hypothesis of a pervading Spirit...
Longinus Reference library
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics
...general, and in the Age of Reason and among the early Romantics that he had his greatest influence. On the Sublime seemed then to offer a ready refuge for those who still believed in the greatness of human nature and the sublimity of artistic experience from the threats of atheism and scientism. It also seemed to offer classical authority against the mere elegance and “correctness” that many thought the disease of eighteenth-century art and literature. The first enthusiasts among European writers and artists for such examples of the natural sublime as the...
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Reference library
Ana M. Acosta
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts
...ministered by Dr. George Frederick Nott on several occasions ( Shelley, 1947 , pp. 162, 173; Shelley 1980–1988 , pp. 214, 223; Spark, 1988 , pp. 88–89). At this time she had to confront various rumors among the English expatriates then in Italy regarding her husband’s atheism (Shelley, 1980–1988 , Vol. 1, pp. 223, 455). We also know from these sources that she and Percy read the Bible continuously and systematically both together and separately from 1815 to 1820 ( Shelley, 1947 , p. 117). From her letters we discover that in February 1820 she...
Handel, George Frideric Reference library
Deborah W. Rooke
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts
... Michael Marissen ( 2007 , 2011 ), and Tassilo Erhardt ( 2007 ) have recently argued that Messiah contains anti-Jewish elements, thereby defining Messiah ’s apologetic function not just in relation to contemporary intellectual challenges to Christianity such as deism, atheism, or freethinking, but also in relation to the religious challenge of Judaism. Librettists. As remarked earlier, libretti for these oratorios were produced by individuals other than Handel. Handel is known to have worked with five librettists for his oratorios. The first, Samuel...
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803) Reference library
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics
...Both the mood and the world will be hard to leave behind, but leaving them behind is a condition of our awakening, hence of taking what Emerson calls a new step. Like Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich von Schelling, Emerson was concerned to combat the false dichotomies of atheism and traditional theology, along with the political alternation of materialism and superstition in our explanations and justifications of human conduct. But the despotism of the ancien régimes and the various priestly ideologies that supported them were only shadows compared to...
Film Reference library
Adele Reinhartz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts
...shattered this simple and reassuring view of America’s role on the world stage and reconfigured and complicated social and domestic relationships. Another important dynamic apparent in these films is the conflict between religion and faith—represented by the Israelites—against atheism and an overreliance on reason, represented by the pharaoh of Egypt or the leaders of other enemies of Israel. Jesus Movies. These same basic messages are conveyed by many of the Jesus movies, which also fall into the epic genre. Nicholas Ray’s King of Kings ( 1961 ) and George...
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Reference library
George Pattison
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts
...assuming the mantle of the prophet, the majority response of nearly a century-and-a-half of reception seems to suggest that this is not mostly the case. In fact, a decisively Christian reading of Dostoyevsky is, in many ways, a relatively recent trend. And it is not only the atheism of Soviet literary criticism that has concealed this element but also the assumptions of many of those who first mediated Dostoyevsky to the West. John Middleton Murry, for example, clearly states that the religion of The Brothers Karamazov is post-Christian ( Middleton Murry,...
Breton, André (1896) Reference library
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics
...of Guillaume Apollinaire 's esprit nouveau or Breton's essay by virtually the same name, or even Wassily Kandinsky 's theoretical masterpiece, Über das Geistige in der Kunst (Concerning the Spiritual in Art). This zeal for spirit, however, was balanced by the avowals of atheism and the hostility toward any system that stood on a principle of authority. Nowhere was the conflict more full-blown than in Surrealism, where the author/authority is rejected, as is the concept of plot . Rejecting the end, Breton, along the lines of other avant-garde movements,...
