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Xi'an incident

Subject: History

(December 1936) The kidnapping of the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek while visiting disaffected Manchurian troops at Xi'an. Chiang was captured by conspirators headed by Zhang ...

Genesis

Genesis   Reference library

R. N. Whybray and R. N. Whybray

The Oxford Bible Commentary

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
35,219 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press

...related to it. They are concerned to enhance Abraham's status: although he remains an alien ( v. 34 ) he is recognized by Abimelech as especially protected and favoured by God; he is thus treated by a king, who commands an army, as an equal. In vv. 22–4 Abimelech thinks it important to safeguard himself by obtaining from him an oath that he will remain his ally (the phrase is ῾āśâ ḥesed ) and that this alliance will continue in future generations. The second incident is quite different: Abraham becomes involved in a dispute with Abimelech over the...

1 & 2 Samuel

1 & 2 Samuel   Reference library

Gwilym H. Jones, Gwilym H. Jones, and Gwilym H. Jones

The Oxford Bible Commentary

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
44,450 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press

...Thus the narrative serves as an introduction to David's period of flight before Saul and also to later relations between David and the house of Saul. ( 21:1–15 ) David in Nob and Gath David's visit to Nob is the first scene in a plot continued in 22:6–23 , but which is at present interrupted by the incidents recorded in 21:11–22:5 ( McCarter 1980 following Grønbaek 1971 ). Taken as a whole the unit shows that David secured the support of the priesthood; however, it was obtained through deception, not willingly like that of Michal and Jonathan, and it...

A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria

A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria   Reference library

Edward F. Campbell Jr.

Oxford History of the Biblical World

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
19,373 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press
Illustration(s):
2

...this hypothesis has been destroyed by the discovery of the Dan stela, with its inescapable reference to the “house of David.” At Arad, guarding the Judean southern frontier, 25 kilometers (15 miles) west of the Dead Sea, the date of the Solomonic fortress (Stratum XI) has been disputed and may belong to the early ninth century bce . Beer-sheba, west of Arad in the central northern Negeb, was a fortified Judean town substantially to the south of Rehoboam's string of frontier fortifications, suggesting that Asa's or Jehoshaphat's control...

truth-telling

truth-telling   Reference library

Kevin Flannery

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
209 words

...with an obligation not to reveal something—something falling, for instance, under the seal of confession—and this has given rise to various theories of mental reservation. Catholic moral theology distinguishes between restrictio pure mentalis (’strict mental reservation’) and restrictio late mentalis (’wide mental reservation’). For the former, if, for example, one utters the words ‘About that incident, I know nothing’ but adds internally ‘that I wish to reveal’, one does not lie. In 1679 this theory was condemned as laxist by Innocent XI . In wide...

Paul V

Paul V   Quick reference

A Dictionary of Popes (3 ed.)

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2015
Subject:
Religion
Length:
1,237 words

...Perugia and Padua and graduating doctor of laws, he held progressively important offices in the curia, and after a successful mission to Spain was created cardinal priest of S. Eusebio on 5 June 1596 , vicar of Rome and inquisitor in 1603 . His surprise election to succeed Leo XI , when only 52 and hardly known to the outside world, resulted from a compromise between rival factions. The keynote of Paul's policy was neutrality between France and Spain, but he held views on the pope's supremacy which were outmoded in Catholic, not to say Protestant, countries...

Gregory the Great

Gregory the Great   Quick reference

The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5 ed.)

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2011
Subject:
Religion
Length:
1,652 words

...and Flanders. These depict him saying Mass while the suffering Christ appears above to confirm the faith of the ministers in the Real Presence. This is not based on any incident in Gregory's life, nor does it appear in the account in the Golden Legend . Gregory was also highly esteemed in the East and in ancient Ireland, where he was even provided with an Irish royal genealogy and an apocryphal Liber de Gradibus Coeli attributed to him. Feast: 3 September ; ordination, 29 March . Early Lives by the Liber Pontificalis (ed. Duchesne ), i. 312; by the...

Xuyun

Xuyun   Reference library

Daniela Campo

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2024
Subject:
Religion
Length:
8,947 words

...was enormous. The Yunmen Incident and the Last Years In 1944 , Xuyun took up his position as abbot at the Yunmen Monastery in order to undertake its restoration. By now, his fame had surpassed Asian borders: in 1948 , he temporarily welcomed at the monastery Ananda Jennings, an American disciple devoted to the study of Buddhism. Xuyun also took up his fundraising journeys again, performing rites and directing ceremonies in Canton, Hong Kong, and Macao. In the spring of 1951 , two years after the communist takeover, anincident” happened at the Yunmen...

Tantric Revival in China

Tantric Revival in China   Reference library

Cody R. Bahir

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2024
Subject:
Religion
Length:
10,870 words
Illustration(s):
19

...ahead of Historic Visit ,” Daily Mail India , May 11, 2015; and BD Dipananda, “ President Xi Jinping and PM Narendra Modi on ‘Canvas’: Representing Sino-Indian Buddhist Cultural Bonds ,” Buddhistdoor Global , May 27, 2015. 80. Sutirtho Patranobis, “ Chinese Buddhists paint Modi and Xi Together, Depict Sino-India Cultural Ties ,” Hindustan Times , May 10, 2015. 81. Sino Esoteric Buddhist Association, “ May East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania Become a More Beautiful Place—An Introduction of Jinyin Temple .” This story was also picked up by several news outlets,...

Russia, Orthodox Church in

Russia, Orthodox Church in   Reference library

Vera Shevzov

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2022
Subject:
Religion
Length:
10,833 words

...in Moscow’s Dormition Cathedral led to imprisonment by the grand prince in the Chudov monastery, from where Isidor—reportedly with the grand prince’s knowledge—subsequently escaped. The incident had lasting repercussions for the Orthodox Church in Russia both domestically and internationally. It compelled state and church officials in Rus´ to take unilateral action. At an episcopal council in Dec. 1447, Rus´ bps objected to Isidor’s actions and appealed for the right to choose their own metropolitans. Meanwhile the metropolitan see in Moscow remained...

Thích Nhất Hạnh in the Context of the Modern Development of Vietnamese Buddhism

Thích Nhất Hạnh in the Context of the Modern Development of Vietnamese Buddhism   Reference library

Alexander Soucy

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2024
Subject:
Religion
Length:
11,292 words

...had been steadily increasing pressure on Buddhists. In May 1963 there was a major incident when eight Buddhists were killed and four were wounded by police during a protest. A month later an elderly monk, Thích Quảng Đức, set himself on fire in protest on a street in Saigon. This started a chain of events that led to a coup and the assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm later that year. 26 It also started what became known as the Buddhist struggle movement, which morphed from an opposition to Ngô Đình Diệm’s anti-Buddhist policies to a more general protest against...

Taixu

Taixu   Reference library

Eric Goodell

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2024
Subject:
Religion
Length:
13,253 words

...the monastery. These incidents had negative consequences for Taixu: public opinion favored Jinshan Monastery; Taixu gained notoriety in Buddhist circles; and his Buddhist Association was now an impossibility. Taixu’s political activism would continue until 1914 . 14 The experience and knowledge that he gained during this time would later be put to use for the benefit of his Buddhist projects. For example, Taixu’s conviction that Buddhism could make great contributions to society, which marked the beginning of this period, served as an important factor in his...

Global Buddhism

Global Buddhism   Reference library

Jens Reinke

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2024
Subject:
Religion
Length:
12,312 words

...Chile, and Argentina. Brazil, for example, became an important destination for Japanese migration. After World War II, Japanese clerics migrated to Brazil. Consequently, Japanese Buddhist schools and organizations, such as Soto Zen, Nichiren Honmon Butsuryu Shu, Jodo Shinshu, and Soka Gakkai, all developed a strong presence in Brazil. 19 The situation for Japanese Americans, and thus Japanese Buddhism, in the United States became even more difficult after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As a reaction to the incident, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1882–1945 )...

Dead Sea Scrolls

Dead Sea Scrolls   Reference library

Ken M. Penner

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2011
Subject:
Religion
Length:
12,815 words
Illustration(s):
4

...teaching, agreeing instead in some cases with what is known of other ancient Jewish groups, notably the Essenes. The Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar) is an Aramaic narrative elaborating on some of the stories from Genesis, from Enoch to Abraham and Sarah. In it, Enoch explains that Noah would have a divine role in God's judgment against the sin of the sons of God ( Gen 6:1–3 ). The retelling of the incident in which Pharaoh wants to take Sarah sanitizes Abraham so that he is not a deceiver. Commentaries. The writings found at Qumran include several...

Queering Buddhist Traditions

Queering Buddhist Traditions   Reference library

Bee Scherer

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2024
Subject:
Religion
Length:
12,933 words

...Hu, This Worldly Nibbāna : A Buddhist-Feminist Social Ethic for Peacemaking in the Global Community (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2011). 10. Bernard Faure, The Rhetoric of Immediacy: A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), xi. 11. Bernard Faure, The Red Thread: Buddhist Approaches to Sexuality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998) . Faure continues this line of inquiry in The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Gender and Purity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). 12. For...

Jesus

Jesus   Reference library

Robert L. Brawley

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Ethics

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2015
Subject:
Religion, Philosophy
Length:
5,509 words

...his language ( In Parables , p. xiii). Two decades later, he began his discussion: “ In the beginning was the performance; not the word alone, nor the deed alone, but both, each indelibly marked with the other forever” ( Crossan, 1991 , p. xi, emphasis original). As early as 1901 Schweitzer actually advocated such an approach ( The Problem of the Lord’s Supper ), beginning the interpretation of the last supper not with Jesus’s sayings but with the meal itself. In 1956 , Ernst Fuchs contributed the suggestion of correlating Jesus’s sayings and actions,...

Byzantine art and architecture

Byzantine art and architecture   Reference library

The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture (2 ed.)

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2013
Subject:
Art & Architecture, Religion
Length:
12,284 words

...as a cathedral and royal mausoleum, there is not only a series of royal portraits, but, more important, frescoes of a Dormition of the Virgin of noble restraint, and an expressive Harrowing of Hell . The growing use of architectural backgrounds is a pointer to the new vision where the artist uses the whole wall as a unit in which to compose, instead of an isolated depiction of an incident or a group of figures. By the end of the century ( c .1295) at Ochrid, in SW Serbia, in the Church of the Peribleptos, a Betrayal of Christ is seen as a violent tumult,...

Jewelry

Jewelry   Reference library

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2009
Subject:
Art & Architecture, Religion
Length:
6,624 words
Illustration(s):
2

...suspended and connected to the gargush , a headdress that completely covers the ears. M. Narkiss : The Artcraft of the Yemenite Jews (Jerusalem, 1941) E. Muchawsky-Schnapper : “ An Exceptional Type of Yemeni Necklace from the Beginning of the Twentieth Century as an Example of Introducing Novelty into a Traditional Craft, ” Proc. Semin. Arab. Stud ., xxxiv (2004), pp. x–xi; 181–92 F. India. Since the Indus Valley civilizations of the 2nd millennium bce , jewelry has played a central role in both personal ornament and religious iconography in India. Both...

Illustration

Illustration   Reference library

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2009
Subject:
Art & Architecture, Religion
Length:
66,597 words
Illustration(s):
33

...K. Holter : “ Die Galen-Handschrift und die Makamen des Harîrî der Wiener Nationalbibliothek, ” Jb. Ksthist. Samml. Wien, n. s. , xi (1937), pp. 1–48 H. Buchthal : “ Three Illustrated Hariri Manuscripts in the British Museum, ” Burl. Mag. , lxxvii (1940), pp. 44–52 O. Lofgren and C. J. Lamm : Ambrosian Fragments of an Illuminated Manuscript Containing the Zoology of al-῾āḥiẓ (Uppsala, 1946) D. S. Rice : “ A Miniature in an Autograph of S¯ẖihāb al-dīn Ibn Faḏlallāh al-῾Umarī, ” Bull. SOAS , xiii (1951), pp. 856–67 S. Walzer : “The Mamlūk Illuminated...

Religious Regulation in China

Religious Regulation in China   Reference library

Lawrence C. Reardon

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2020
Subject:
Social sciences, Politics, Religion
Length:
9,485 words

...Buddhists, and radicalized Islam influencing Uyghur nationalists. To deal with these threats over the years, CCP religious strategies have included co-option, eradication, and collaboration. The post-Deng leaders, including Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping, have thus elevated religious policy to an issue of national security along with economic development and national defense strategies. They have used traditional religions and beliefs, such as Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism, to strengthen moral standards and to supplement the state’s social...

Religious Regulation in Autocracies

Religious Regulation in Autocracies   Reference library

Lawrence C. Reardon

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2020
Subject:
Social sciences, Politics, Religion
Length:
10,302 words

...and prosperity ( Elman, 1991 ; Kang, 2009 ). Yet, the An Lushan Rebellion ( 755–763 ce ) and the destruction of the two capital cities of Luoyang and Chang’an disrupted the Tang reform process and eroded the emperor’s central control ( Skaff, 2000 ). Before Emperor Wu Zong ascended the imperial throne in 840 ce , several emperors had been poisoned or killed. Wu Zong’s father, Emperor Wen Zong ( 827–840 ce ), lost control of the government to the imperial eunuchs during the Sweet Dew incident ( ganlu shibian ) of 835 ce ( Lewis, 2009 , p. 68)....

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