Gender and the State Reference library
Natalie Florea Hudson
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...the state as simply patriarchal or capitalist and have pushed feminist scholars to highlight the differences between states. For example, Helga Maria Hernes ( 1987 ) identifies Nordic states as potentially women-friendly societies where women can seek empowerment through the state and subsequent state social policy. This approach highlights the phenomenon of “state feminism” and “women's policy machineries” as mechanisms for integrating a gender perspective into the state apparatus ( Stetson and Mazur 1995 ). In some cases, women have entered the state...
World Society, World-Polity Theory, and International Relations Reference library
John Boli, Selina Gallo-Cruz, and Matt Mathias
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...and networks, guarantees that cultural clashes will occur. Four examples follow. First is the contradiction between state sovereignty and sacralized individualism, as played out in human rights treaties. Why do states ratify human rights treaties when they constitute potential threats to sovereignty ( Cole 2005 ; Wotipka and Tsutsui 2008 )? Since these treaties oblige states to respect and protect all individuals, why do repressive states in particular ratify them ( Hafner-Burton et al. 2008 )? Cole ( 2005 :492) argues: “Instead of emphasizing the...
Nationalism as a Social Movement Reference library
James Goodman
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...that change over time. The fluidity of nationalist identification is also an important aspect of Breuilly’s discussion of the state and nationalism, and of Anderson’s emphasis on the interaction between nationalisms of the colonial periphery and the imperial core. The class dynamic of a nationalist movement – whether it welds core to periphery within the existing state apparatus or challenges the state apparatus by demanding independence for the periphery – is located within the movement itself as well as between the nationalist movement and other...
Contemporary Sources of Human Rights Violations Reference library
Mahmood Monshipouri
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...repression and the decreased civil and political rights” ( Miller 2004 :76). As a country imports more weapons, there is greater likelihood that the government will engage in repressive measures and withdraw civil liberties and political freedoms. The imported arms provide the necessary tools for the government to deny human rights. We are likely to see greater militarization of the state, which in turn enhances the likelihood of repression and the possibility of the restriction of civil–political rights. The trade-off between security and human rights, as...
Nonviolent Struggle Reference library
Stephen Zunes, Hardy Merriman, and Maria J. Stephan
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...solidarity, highlight grievances, indicate the extent of dissatisfaction, and, if the state responds with repression, expose the fact that the state is based on violence rather than legitimacy. However, in the face of sustained repression, challengers must be able to shift to methods of dispersion, in which cooperation is withdrawn, such as a strike or boycott. These methods do not provide the state with a tangible target for repression and may overextend the state’s repressive capacities due to the lack of a specific target. Methods of both concentration and...
Labor and Gender Reference library
Juanita Elias
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...are often backed by state gender ideology. Drawing on research into South Korea’s industrial transformation in the 1970s, Moon ( 2005 :75–8) observes how the effective “secondary” status of women workers was supported by repressive anti-labor policies in the feminized export sector and the state’s provision of domestic training for women workers in the expectation that they would leave the industrial labor force on marriage. In Muñoz ’s study of employment practices in the tortilla industry, the significance of state power in fashioning workplace...
International Organization and Human Development Reference library
David C. Ellis
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...to creating more opportunity for individuals to earn income, which in turn is essential to achieving broader and more sustainable human development ( Collier 2007 ). However, the more active the state, the more taxes must be collected, and the more capital begins to fear the environment and potential loss. Hence, higher consumption through the state apparatus suggests that capital will have little reason to seek out such environments for investment, and society itself will be left with less excess savings to reinvest to prompt further economic growth from...
The Ethics of Torture Reference library
Rebecca Evans
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...used torture to terrorize their population, coerce false confessions, deter opponents, and consolidate power. These regimes employ torture as a mechanism for social control, using it to elicit information and intimidate their opposition. Christopher Einolf argues that repressive states came to see every citizen as a potential threat and created extensive networks of spies and informers, making it more likely that citizens who defied or criticized the government would be reported and punished ( Einolf 2007 :116). Nondemocratic regimes’ lack of...
Expanding Urban Slums Reference library
Michael Humphrey and Shahadat Hossain
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...slum growth and make slum dwellers increasingly vulnerable to displacement: [It] squeezes them into a zone of non-citizenship that traps them further in a spiral of oppression. Almost all their income is eaten up by this status and they become victims of the informal apparatus of the state, which exploits their position and earns massive illegal revenues from these transactions. Creating a context where their growth and the threat of their annihilation is a constant presence. ( Srivastava and Echanove 2008 ) We will return to the informalization of politics...
Britain Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
...navy, the logistical arm, the levies—were individually sophisticated and capable, but earlier success had allowed the apparatus as a whole system to degrade. In addition, he sees the army as a smaller, but not insignificant, ad hoc affair, raised (often) to meet immediate needs. M. K. Lawson , however, has contended, with due care for the lack of clear evidence, that we should allow the forces of the later Anglo-Saxon state to tend toward the larger of possible estimates. Additionally, these troops contained professional and diverse units: heavy and...
SS Reference library
Bernd Wegner
The Oxford Companion to World War II
...each state had during the Weimar Republic to defend the constitution against politically motivated attacks. In Prussia this department developed in 1933 into the Gestapo . ) After another two years he controlled the police apparatus as a whole and on 17 June 1936 was given the title ‘Reichsführer-SS and Head of the German Police’. In the following years, step by step, the police forces were integrated into the administrative structure of the SS. This process, the aim of which was the complete amalgamation of both organizations into a gigantic state...
Germany Reference library
Jürgen Förster, Charles Messenger (Armed Forces), and Wolfgang Petter (Culture)
The Oxford Companion to World War II
...and repressive policies. Himmler's deputies all over occupied Europe were the higher SS and police leaders and they were a law unto themselves. The executioners of German racial policy were the Einsatzgruppen which were deployed in both Poland and the USSR, the Orpo and a specially formed unit, the Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS, used only in the USSR. In September 1939 , the foremost target of the Einsatzgruppen was the Polish intelligentsia. Heydrich officially defined the role of these mobile killing squads as ‘combating all Reich and state enemies...
