dictatorship of the proletariat Quick reference
Geraldine Lievesley
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...as meaning a concentration of power or forces rather than as a repressive situation. A different model of transition is offered in The Civil War in France ( 1871 ) based upon the experience of the Paris Commune. It stressed the immediate dismantling of the state apparatus, the decentralization of power and popular democratic control over and management of civil society. The ‘commune’ and ‘dictatorship’ models coexist uneasily in Marx’s work. Lenin discussed both models in The State and Revolution ( 1917 ). It can be argued that the establishment of...
The Political Economy of the Developmental State in Latin America Reference library
José Carlos Orihuela
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latin American Politics
...Economy of the Developmental State in Latin America Is there a developmental state in Latin America? Has it survived the neoliberal turn? Addressing these questions requires a definition of developmental state. There are two broad definitions: one is ideal-theoretical and the other is fluid-historical. The ideal definition refers to a technocratic state that successfully promotes industrialization. Although Peter Evans ( 1995 ) called developmental states the result of the embeddedness and autonomy of the state’s apparatus in promoting industrialization,...
Fascism Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...importance of terror and the repressive apparatus of the modern state. Certainly fascism was a prototype of the modern totalitarian state—in the words of Mussolini, “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” Fascism aspired to total control over its citizens, leaving them with no island of privacy. With the aid of twentieth-century mass media, fascist states could reach and control their citizenry in a way that earlier regimes could not. Yet there were wide variations in the repressive powers and the totalitarian...
The Strategic Use of State Repression and Political Violence Reference library
Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...may be military forces, militia, mercenaries, and so on, so long as they are seen as—and actually function as—legitimate extensions of the government. If the political opposition controls a repressive apparatus, it suggests that there is a tangible threat to the incumbent government’s grasp on power. If the people perceive the opposition’s repressive apparatus as legitimate, it suggests that the threat is authorized and has at least some popular support. Licit repression from an authority other than the government, then, indicates a real internal threat to...
The Rise of “Peaceocracy” in Africa Reference library
Gabrielle Lynch
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...hybrid regimes, but the underlying logic has a longer history to which this article now briefly turns. Postcolonial Politics and the “Ideology of Order” The potentially repressive implications of the postcolonial state’s role in ensuring peace, order, and stability came to the fore almost immediately after independence. Governments maintained much of the security apparatus of their predecessors, and new one-party and military regimes soon cast multiparty politics as divisive and dangerous and justified the centralization of power as a means to guard...
Gender and Memory in Truth Projects in Brazil Reference library
Colin M. Snider
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latin American Politics
...which by that point had begun the move toward democratization and had exited its most repressive phase, remained responsible for the deaths of Liliana and Eduardo, even as the collaboration between Brazilian and Argentine police made clear that the repressive apparatus remained active amidst limited political liberalization. These cases, which occurred in the early 1980s and after Operation Condor had effectively ceased operations, reveal the ways in which inter-state collaboration continued in South America even as Brazil was ostensibly moving toward...
State Formation and Conflict in Africa Reference library
Didier Péclard
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...historical processes, including phases of violence, as suggested by the historical sociology of the state ( Abrams, 1988 ; Bayart, 2009 ; Migdal & Schlichte, 2005 ; Mitchell, 1991 ; Tilly, 2003 ). In their seminal history of the state in Kenya, Berman and Lonsdale ( 1992 , p. 5) aptly suggested to distinguish, for heuristic purposes, between state-building , defined as “a conscious effort of creating an apparatus of control,” and state formation , defined as “an historical process whose outcome is a largely unconscious and contradictory...
Morocco Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...prison. Often described as a thousand-year-old institution, the Moroccan monarchy is best understood as a recent recreation. Though the king is “Commander of the Faithful” and seems the incarnation of an ancient oriental despot, he runs a strong, modern state with an efficient police and propaganda apparatus. Hassan II ruled for thirty-seven years. A staunch ally of the West in regional as well as international politics, King Hassan enjoyed the solid support of France and the United States. Both powers gave generous aid, as well as military and security...
Soviet Union Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...through a system known as nomenklatura ; the country was governed through its powerful ministerial empires, coordinated by Gosplan (the State Planning Committee); the representative institutions—Soviets of Workers' Deputies—were decorative and ceremonial; other institutions, including trade unions and the Komsomol (Young Communist League), functioned as “transmission belts” for the center's policies; and the repressive agencies, notoriously the “secret” or political police, closely scrutinized the whole society. For many, this system was authentic...
Stalinism Quick reference
Stephen Whitefield
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...Stalinism has come to stand for the whole of the repressive Soviet political system under Joseph Stalin ( 1879–1953 ) from at least 1928 until his death, although many commentators extend the term to include the period before perestroika . He has been held personally responsible, as a total and arbitrary autocrat, for millions of deaths and for the ‘deviations of socialism’ that went on under his rule. In recent years, however, a new historiography has appeared which seeks to distinguish Stalin and Stalinism from a range of competing ideological...
The Republic of the Congo: The Colonial Origins of Military Rule Reference library
Joshua Shaw and Brett Carter
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...a conscious decision by Sassou Nguesso and the PCT to stock the state’s repressive apparatus with supporters before facing popular protest over fraudulent elections and further illustrate the extent to which ethnicity has served the regime’s efforts to undermine democracy and stimulate violence in Congo. Conclusion Reflecting its pivotal role, the story of the Congolese military runs parallel to broader trends in Congolese politics. French colonial practices endowed the independent state with a southern civil service and northern military. This...
Failed States Reference library
Robert I. Rotberg
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...reasonable ones, demand a reliance on impressions. To take a few by way of example, categories 5, “Uneven Economic Development along Group Lines,” 7, “Criminalization of the State,” and 10, “Security Apparatus Operates as a ‘State within a State’” are rubrics that ask that someone, presumably an expert, to decide whether Burma or Haiti or Iraq scores lower or higher than another state. Such assessments depend on a “feel” for the country and a pooling of the consensus views of outsiders (and sometimes insiders). Every answer is by definition subjective. Note,...
Colonial Rule and Its Political Legacies in Africa Reference library
Amanda Lea Robinson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...violent resistance and raising enough revenue to be self-sufficient. In response to these aims, the colonial state was primarily repressive, coercive, and extractive ( Young, 1994 ), at least in the majority of colonies, which lacked significant numbers of European settlers ( Acemoglu, Johnson, & Robinson, 2001 ). Prior to the last few decades of colonial rule, few rights or services were extended to African populations by the colonial state. Education and health services that were available tended to be provided by Christian missions, only loosely...
Dependency Reference library
Peter B. Evans
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...with exporters of industrial goods based in the core (Manchester textile merchants, for example). Local manufacturers whose interests were threatened by this local-foreign alliance sometimes turned to workers and middle-class groups in their search for political allies. The state apparatus became an arena of contestation. Later, when transnational corporations had been drawn into the process of local industrialization, local entrepreneurs suffered from their competition within the domestic market but were at the same time beneficiaries of the industrial...
Dependency Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...with exporters of industrial goods based in the core (Manchester textile merchants, for example). Local manufacturers whose interests were threatened by this local-foreign alliance sometimes turned to workers and middle-class groups in their search for political allies. The state apparatus became an arena of contestation. Later, when transnational corporations had been drawn into the process of local industrialization, local entrepreneurs suffered from their competition within the domestic market but were at the same time beneficiaries of the industrial...
Guatemala: The Military in Politics Reference library
Anita Isaacs and Rachel A. Schwartz
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...infiltrated the entire state apparatus. According to the CEH ( 1999 , pp. 100–101), “beginning in 1978 , members of intelligence … had penetrated various public entities, including the postal service, telephone service, immigration, customs, the courts, the Ministry of Finance, [and] the Public Prosecutor’s Office,” among others. Also in the 1970s, the National Police’s (PN) investigative bodies, such as the Detective Corps, were brought under the thumb of military intelligence, extending its internal surveillance and repressive capacities ( Archivo...
China: Party–Army Relations Past and Present Reference library
Sofia K. Ledberg
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
... (1977). Herrschaft Durch Kader: Leitung Der Gesellschaft Und Kaderpolitik in der DDR am Beispiel des Staatsapparates [Rule by cadre: Managing society and cadre politics in the GDR by using the state apparatus as an example]. Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag. Global Security . (n.d.). PLA Reductions . Greitens, S. C. , & Truex, R. (2020). Repressive experiences among China scholars: New evidence from survey data. The China Quarterly , 242 , 349–375. Gunness, K. , & Vellucci, F. (2008). Reforming the officer corps: Keeping the college grads...
Hierarchy and International Relations: Theory and Evidence Reference library
David A. Lake
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory
...that leaders in subordinate states are significantly less likely to face challengers willing to initiate civil wars against their regimes. With aid from the dominant state tipping the military balance toward certain defeat, domestic opponents choose not to challenge the state directly. In turn, leaders become more repressive, increasing public opposition to their rule and the dominant state’s supporting role. This concurs fully with the case study evidence just noted. Cunningham further showed that dissent is channeled into other forms of protest, including...
Power and National Capability Reference library
Brian Crisher
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...regimes to test the influence of institutions and sanction potency. They find that personalist and monarchic regimes are susceptible to sanctions while dominant single-party and militaristic regimes are better able to survive sanctions by switching revenues to their repressive apparatuses. Other scholars have applied formal logic to the sanctions debate to better evaluate the strategic nature of international relations. Hovi et al. ( 2005 ) argue that with perfect information imposed sanctions could never work. A potential target would know they would feel...
Egypt and Tunisia: Political Control of the Military Under Mubarak and Ben Ali Reference library
Risa A. Brooks
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...positions in regional governments allowed the military a means for safeguarding its autonomy from the civilian apparatus as well as for harnessing resources in the state. Throughout Mubarak’s tenure, the military retained key gatekeeping cabinet portfolios essential to its autonomy and economic activities, including the ministries of Defense and Military Production ( White, 2017 ). Additionally, the military’s control of key positions in the state facilitated its leaders’ monitoring of economic activity and rendered the deal more enforceable; these positions...
