Brink, André Philippus (1935) Reference library
gregory byala
Dictionary of African Biography
...a feature that would reemerge in Brink’s later work and bring him, like Breytenbach and Leroux, into confrontation with the state’s censorship apparatus. Throughout the 1960 s Brink worked as a university lecturer while composing works in Afrikaans, including Lobola vir die lewe (which won the Reina Prinsen-Geerligs Prize in 1963) and Olé (which received the CNA literary award in 1964). His full critique of the South African state did not emerge for another decade, during which time his writing began to exhibit more openly the disdain he felt for the...
Buyoya, Pierre (1949) Reference library
mworoha Émile
Dictionary of African Biography
...was assassinated on 21 October 1993 during a military coup that threw the country into mayhem. There followed an upsurge in violent attacks by rebels from the majority Hutu population against members of the predominantly Tutsi Uprona party and state officials. The Tutsi-dominated military and state apparatus responded with violent reprisals against the rebels and Hutu civilians. The violence resulted in more than 100,000 deaths at the end of 1993 . The massacres continued in 1994 and 1995 . It was in this context of civil war that Buyoya returned to power...
Liberalism Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...with unintended consequences. The movement managed to push Mexico toward the proposed modernization: this included capitalism, individual rights, and the demotion of church power. But to do so, Juárez and his associates had to take up machine politics, a repressive rural constabulary, and a strong state characterized by presidentialism. The question left undetermined in 1872 was the role foreign capital was to play in future economic growth, a point decisively settled by Porfirio Díaz's Revolt of Tuxtepec in 1876 and his subsequent favors to U.S....
Mesoamerican Chronology Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...of politics and production for all Mexicans. How the Mexican state and its NAFTA allies will respond (beyond endless negotiations) is unclear. In Guatemala, the revolutionary civil war of 1978 to 1985 also led toward assertive indigenous identities. Some in Maya communities supported guerrilla challenges to the military state backed by the United States; many—probably more—attempted to avoid the deadly risks of the divisive conflict; many indigenous men were drafted into repressive military forces; many more were forced to serve the government in...
Governance System, Dual Reference library
John G. Blair and Jerusha H. McCormack
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...generated within the Party apparatus end up as officialized by the National People’s Congress. Through all these levels, the key factor is control over who will occupy positions in the Party hierarchy as well as in the State. Appointments remain under the control of the Party leadership. There are roughly 70 million members of the Communist Party, not quite 6 percent of the population. This group defines the political class in today’s China and functions as a leadership oligarchy. The PRC dual system allows the vast governing apparatus to be responsive to an...
Independence Movements Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought
...and dislocations, and popular disillusionment soon became the order of the day. It was neocolonialism at work—an indication that what Africa got was mere flag independence. The main apparatuses of the state, except for what Claude Ake called “the mere change of guards,” by which he meant the whites yielding office to the blacks, remain intact, to the disempowerment of the state and society. It was glaring that the new elites of power were merely political stooges of the colonial order, which was partly why they could not deal with the inimical vestiges of...
Guerrilla Movements and Armed Struggle in Cold War Mexico Reference library
Alexander Aviña
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...of the 1940s and 1950s and ended with the formal dissolution of the LC23S. To do so, the PRI waged Dirty War : a term that encapsulates the moments and systematic practices of state-sponsored terrorism used by the regime to target individuals and groups deemed as threats. At the height of the Dirty War, from the late 1960s to the early 1980s, a constellation of repressive apparatuses, which included police forces, intelligence services, military battalions, death squads, and paramilitary units, attacked guerrillas and their supporters. Recent scholarship and...
Political Prefects: The Regional Political Bosses of Mexico Reference library
Romana Gloria Falcón Vega
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...“parties” or “political districts,” which were apart from those of the apparatus of justice and which included municipalities, pueblos , and ranches, as well as other territorial categories depending on the state. On occasion, these districts were divided into smaller units commonly called subprefectures. The boundaries of these political administrative units were determined by and changed according to historical, political, and economic conditions. For example, in the State of Mexico, the district El Oro was created when this region experienced a...
The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1946 Reference library
Jürgen Buchenau
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...conflict with Pancho Villa, who agreed to disarm in exchange for the grant of a hacienda in his native state of Durango. In July, de la Huerta presided over the first national elections since 1911 , in which Obregón emerged as an easy winner. In Obregón’s cabinet, de la Huerta became Finance Secretary and Calles was appointed Secretary of Gobernación, the powerful arbiter of electoral disputes and the head of a newly created internal intelligence apparatus. Initially, Obregón’s strategy was cautious, as the Wilson administration refused to tender diplomatic...
Mexican Politics, Economy, and Society, 1946–1982 Reference library
Ryan Alexander
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...nature of the Mexican system, developed a narrative of historical exceptionalism. Some adopted the language of a Pax PRIísta. Historian Howard Cline claimed that the nation had seamlessly moved from revolution to evolution. 7 Over time scholars began to account for the more repressive aspects of the regime, and have found more and more in common between Mexico and the rest of Latin America. Nevertheless, the terminologies now employed still give some tacit nod to the exceptional nature of the nation’s political system. Perhaps the most famous...
Human Rights and the Mexican Student Movement of 1968 Reference library
Elaine Carey
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...undermine union democracy. As with rural workers in agricultural mills, these state operators personally, politically, and financially benefited at the expense of the workers. In the late 1950s, Demetrio Vallejo and other railroad workers staged strikes that paralyzed the country’s transportation. 5 President Adolfo López Mateos’s administration crushed the strikes as the Secretario de Gobernación (the government secretary) Díaz Ordaz, who oversaw the country’s security apparatus, ordered the arrest of the leaders of the railroad workers’ union, Vallejo and...
Religion Reference library
Peter W. Williams
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...eloquence soon made him an icon for the nation, and his rhetoric and message were profoundly shaped by the tradition of black pulpit oratory and the mining of both Hebrew and Christian scriptures for images of liberation. By the end of the 1960 s, other movements critical of repressive structures in American society—movements by women, gays, Latinos—had begun to develop similar versions of Christian theology to undergird their causes. Christianity, however, was not the only religious option for African Americans concerned with their problematic place in the...
Jiāng Qīng (1914–1991) Reference library
Natascha GENTZ
The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
...chief of the Communist underground apparatus in Qingdao. A large number of biographical sources mention Yu Qiwei as Jiang Qing’s first husband. It is also generally accepted wisdom that it was through him that Jiang Qing first made contact with the CCP, although sources differ about whether she was a regular party member at that time. She also established contact with the Left-Wing Drama League (Zuǒyì xìjùjiā liánméng 左翼戏剧家联盟 ), a leftist alliance of progressive theater workers formed against the increasingly repressive cultural policies of the Nationalist...
Roland, Edna (1951– ) Reference library
Nathalie Lebon
Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
...dictatorship, which led her and her partner Antonio Mauricio Fonseca de Oliveira to move from Minas Gerais to the city of São Paulo, leaving behind a promising graduate and teaching career. In São Paulo, they lived clandestinely for five years, hiding from the repressive political apparatus and police while enduring poverty and hunger. The early 1980s marked the beginning of Roland’s involvement in the black movement, where she became a leader in many efforts to establish racial justice policies and institutions. As early as 1982 , she was a founding...
