Quiet Revolution Reference library
Matthew Hayday
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...years of the Quiet Revolution. Another key plank of the Liberal platform was to make Quebecers maîtres chez nous , or “masters of our own house.” This flowed from the neonationalist aim of increasing Francophone control over the economy, largely through an interventionist state apparatus. The most significant element of this was the nationalization of the province's hydroelectric companies into the Crown corporation of Hydro-Québec, which quickly became a key player in the provincial economy, and one in which French was the language of work. Asserting its...
Enlightenment Reference library
Thomas E. Kaiser
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...and central Europe were far more profoundly touched by the Enlightenment than eastern Europe, where the middle-class public was much smaller and intellectuals remained more dependent on the state and the church. In Russia under Catherine II (Catherine the Great; 1729–1796 ; r. 1762–1796 ), the Enlightenment served to reinforce the state's repressive apparatus more than it did to lighten the burden of the serfs. After 1789 , the Enlightenment became inextricably associated with the outbreak of revolution. It is probable that the philosophes had...
Police Reference library
David B. Wolcott
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...repressive state-security apparatuses. Police in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. The origins of modern policing can be found in the eighteenth century, a period before most parts of the world had any police agencies. The contrasting patterns of development in France and Britain fostered agencies that influenced policing in western Europe and the rest of the world. In France the roots of a centralized police system date from the reign of Louis XIV ( r. 1643–1715 ), who transformed his feudal monarchy into the world's first nation-state. In...
Spain Reference library
David Ortiz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...founded Opus Dei (God's Work), an organization dedicated to restoring religious influence in state and society. Opus Dei became so influential that Pope Pius XII made it the first secular institute of the Catholic Church in 1947 . After World War II, the Western powers blocked Spanish participation in the United Nations, and Spain was denied Marshall Plan funds. As a result the 1940s were known as the “years of hunger” as Spaniards struggled to adjust to a repressive dictatorship and recover from devastating warfare. But the Cold War changed the world's view...
Austria Reference library
Steven Beller
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...a large-scale reform effort to turn Austria into a modern state, along the rationalist and centralized lines of Austria's northern neighbor and rival, Prussia. Although Maria Theresa was herself religiously conservative, she had a strong practical side, and she recognized the need to modernize the Habsburg Monarchy. For her and her advisers this meant adopting the policies of what has come to be known as “enlightened absolutism.” This involved the ruling house's creating a rational state apparatus that directly ruled and educated its subjects, rather than...
Modernization Reference library
John T. Friedman, Edward Beatty, Mériam N. Belli, and Paul Kubicek
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...economies to capitalism, encouraging private businesses and foreign investments. Oil resources have sustained many governments (those of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Algeria, and Libya) and allowed them to develop strong military and police forces, along with repressive state apparatuses, and to mask political malfunctions, corruption, and unequal social development. Mass migration, both internal and external, has also shaped post-1970s modernity in the Middle East and North Africa. Overpopulation, massive rural migration to the cities, and the...
Liberalism Reference library
Joseph L. Love, Peter N. Stearns, Richard Weiner, and Paul Finkelman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...form of liberty, and called for a minimalist government in the form of a “night-watchman” state, thereby contributing to both “positive” and “negative” conceptions of liberty. In every national tradition the basic issue was the relationship between the state and the individual. The state was the ultimate guarantor of liberty—hence, as Max Weber ( 1864–1920 ) asserted, it was assigned a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence—but at the same time, the state constituted the greatest potential menace to liberty. In the economic sphere, security of...
Film Reference library
Luca Prono, Tan Ye, Aaron Gerow, Prajna Paramita Parasher, Luisela Alvaray, Magdy El-Shammaa, and Shanny Luft
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...that had experienced revolutions, such as Cuba and other Latin American countries, documentaries and realistic fictions became the predominant mode. However, this politicization of cinema was soon replaced by more commercial productions as many revolutions failed or became repressive dictatorships in turn. Between the 1970s and the late 1980s, television and the growth of the home-video market led to a dramatic decline in cinema patronage. The hegemony of the United States after the fall of Soviet Communism is paralleled by the predominance of Hollywood in...
Vietnam Reference library
Jessica M. Chapman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...French subsidies, making it possible for South Vietnam's National Army to defeat their armed forces during the “sect crisis” of April 1955 . In October 1955 , Diem held a referendum to depose Bao Dai as chief of state, after which he proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam ( RVN ) with himself as president. Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu's repressive, often pro-Catholic policies stirred up the ire of South Vietnamese citizens. The Strategic Hamlet Program displaced thousands of peasant farmers from their ancestral lands, and the RVN's persecution of the...
Islam Reference library
John Alden Williams, Shamil Jeppie, Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, Peter Mandaville, Usha Sanyal, Fred R. von der Mehden, and Edward E. Curtis
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Taliban. After l996 the Taliban repressively “Wahhabized” the country, massacring Shiites and Sufis, forcing women into seclusion and men to wear beards. The mujahideen took their Pakistani training and American weapons home to places like Palestine, Chechnya, Indonesia, and Morocco. Bin Laden and his lieutenant, the Egyptian physician Ayman al-Zawahiri, were to find refuge with the Taliban later, when there was a price on their heads. It is the plight of the Palestinian people, colonized, invaded, and dominated by the State of Israel, with the frequent...
Political Parties Reference library
Knut Heidar, Frank McDonough, Guy Alitto, Ellen Lovell Evans, Louis D. Hayes, Young Whan Kihl, K. C. Suri, Mark P. Jones, Mark P. Jones, and J. David Gillespie
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...context—namely, between the parties in one-party systems and the parties in competitive systems. The monopolistic party will generally work in a symbiotic relationship with the state apparatus, while the parties in democracies to a greater extent will be part of civil society. The monopolistic party will be the ultimate guardian of the true path—usually backed by repressive state power— and this requires an extreme degree of party centralization. The German Nazi Party, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Syrian Ba᾽ath Party converge in an operational mode...
Decolonization Reference library
Maarten L. Pereboom, Rosemarijn Hoefte, Katherine G. V. Fidler, Mary Ann Heiss, and Amelia H. Lyons
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...years, British colonial forces attempted to suppress the insurgent movement, and they declared a state of emergency in 1952 . The state of emergency, while immediately targeting Mau Mau insurgents, also had a significant impact on the Kenya Africa Union ( KAU ). This nationalist movement, which would later become the Kenyan African National Union, was less radical than the Mau Mau but, because of its pro-independence stance, also suffered repressive measures. However, under the leadership of Kenyatta, Kenya held a series of open elections in the late...
