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Repressive State Apparatus

(RSA) French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser's concept for what is known in contemporary political discourse as ‘hard power’, i.e. a form of power that operates by means of ...

Law

Law   Reference library

An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2009
Subject:
History, modern history (1700 to 1945), Literature
Length:
5,210 words
Publisher:
Oxford University Press

...constitution accompanied by an independent Supreme Court, and to establish a Bill of Rights. In other words, they created a fundamental charter of natural rights and set up a supreme common law court which developed powers of legislative review to prevent a recurrence of repressive parliamentary government. Alexander Hamilton ( 1757–1804 ), George Washington 's private secretary during the *American Revolution , justified these developments on the grounds that ‘though individual oppression may now and then proceed from the courts of justice, the...

Popular Religion

Popular Religion   Reference library

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation

Reference type:
Subject Reference
Current Version:
2005
Subject:
History, modern history (1700 to 1945), Religion
Length:
19,065 words

...at Mass, as observed by an Italian visitor in about 1500 , and by substantial individual and parochial expenditure on ritual apparatus, as recorded by many churchwardens' accounts. Lollard and Protestant hostility was again strongest in the southeast. As the Reformation proceeded, however, there was evidence of increasing attacks (even in Yorkshire) on the Catholic sacraments; of dwindling expenditure upon ritual apparatus, accompanied by frequent sale or embezzlement; and, in some places, of falling attendance at traditional services. These trends were...

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