Law Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...constitution accompanied by an independent Supreme Court, and to establish a Bill of Rights. In other words, they created a fundamental charter of natural rights and set up a supreme common law court which developed powers of legislative review to prevent a recurrence of repressive parliamentary government. Alexander Hamilton ( 1757–1804 ), George Washington 's private secretary during the *American Revolution , justified these developments on the grounds that ‘though individual oppression may now and then proceed from the courts of justice, the...
Military Regime in Brazil, 1964–1985 Reference library
Marcos Napolitano
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...was not a simple political operation. Despite the economic crisis and the loss of political prestige, including among those who had supported the 1964 coup, the military still controlled the state, a significant part of the bureaucracy that distributed public funds to states and municipalities, and, of course, the repressive apparatus. Indeed, while censorship and state violence had eased since 1979 , the institutional infrastructure that made them possible remained in place and could be reactivated at any time. Conservative opposition groups (PMDB, the press...
Universities and Politics in 20th- and 21st-century Brazil Reference library
Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...of the idea of reform. 6 Exactly for this reason, in his administration, which ended in January 1966 , little was done in relation to reform, and he is remembered more for his repressive actions. Moreover, in the field of the supporters of the dictatorship, there were doubts about whether university reform should follow the tradition of maintaining strong ties with the state, including in terms of funding, or whether institutions should be given administrative autonomy with the possibilities of charging fees to the students, in a format similar to the US...
Intellectuals and the Nation in Early-20th-Century Brazil Reference library
Sergio Miceli
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...writers, and overseers of the cultural and ideological repressive apparatus. This included figures like Genolino Amado, Helio Viana, and José Condé, among others. Still, most of the intellectuals working within the state entered the ranks of the bureaucracy through traditional channels: the superior magistrate, careers in the judiciary, and the diplomatic corps. In virtually every case, material and institutional dependency reaffirmed the clientelistic relationships between intellectuals and the state. Subsidies from the latter sustained the offices of the...
Luís Carlos Prestes: A Revolutionary Between Two Worlds Reference library
Daniel Aarão Reis
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...of corruption, and national sovereignty. At the very least, they would have been satisfied with overthrowing the president, Arthur Bernardes. None of these goals was met, but the group’s very existence—and their ongoing, elusive struggle—prompted the government to introduce repressive measures, which eroded the foundations of the existing order. The Brazilian army had great difficulty in dealing with the guerrilla aspect of the insurgency. The army’s lack of courage for combat; a dearth of reliable personnel; poor technical means; and, above all, a lack of ...
Authoritarian Urbanism in the Era of Mass Eradication in Rio de Janeiro, 1960s and 1970s Reference library
Leandro Benmergui
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...be a large favela nowadays. 44 State and federal laws also sought to control the daily life of favelas: in 1967 the state of Guanabara created the State Energy Commission (Comissão Estadual de Energia) that distributed electricity to favelas, stripping local businessmen of the illegal trade in energy. That same year, a state decree put neighborhood associations directly under the control of the secretary of Social Services, with veto power over the organizations’ boards, bylaws, and budgets. The state terror apparatus of the dictatorship, especially...
Nationalism Reference library
Uma Chakravarti, Margaret Power, and Mrinalini Sinha
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...opposition to an existing state. In this view the movement is defined in relation to the state, whose transformation in one form or the other is the goal of the movement. However, a purely state‐centric understanding misses that nationalist movements in much of the colonized and semicolonized parts of the world followed a different trajectory. Long before seeking state power, anticolonial nationalisms were elaborated and mobilized in the cultural sphere. A strictly political classification based on the acquisition of state power alone thus elides the...
Gender and Sexuality since Independence Reference library
Sueann Caulfield and Cristiana Schettini
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...and Labor Law under Vargas After a military coup created the authoritarian New State in 1937 , extending Vargas’s presidency indefinitely while prohibiting autonomous political organizations, the regime intensified its emphasis on the patriarchal family as the basis of social cohesion and state power. An elaborate propaganda and censorship apparatus promoted idealized working-class masculinity and femininity as the essence of Brasilidade . Among the tasks of state censors, for example, was to “clean up” popular music, especially samba, by scratching...
Vaccine Revolt of 1904, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Reference library
Henrique Cukierman
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...a straitjacket.” 36 What exactly did Prata Preta want? What moved him to openly confront such a powerful enemy? There is no obvious response, because there is no record of any hearing, investigation, or anything similar, as a thirty-day state of siege was declared for the federal capital on November 16, giving the repressive forces free rein to simply and summarily jam everyone arrested on the streets during the Vaccine Revolt into prison. 37 Furthermore, who were Prata Preta’s companions in the popular resistance? Leonardo Pereira supposes that these included...
Insurgent Pernambuco: From the Cabanos War (1832–1835) to the Praieira Revolution of 1848 Reference library
Marcus Carvalho
Oxford Encyclopedia of Brazilian History and Culture
...Grande do Sula, known as the Farrapos War. The 1831 anti-traffic law, proposed by Feijó when he was minister of justice, was sabotaged in parliament, which was dominated by the interests of large merchants and rural landholders who dominated the judiciary and the local repressive apparatus. Incapable of forming a parliamentary majority, not being able to dissolve the chamber (a prerogative restricted to the emperor), and suffering from health problems, Feijó resigned in 1837 . However, instead of appointing a Saquarema to finish his mandate, he designated...
Brink, André Philippus (1935) Reference library
gregory byala
Dictionary of African Biography
...a feature that would reemerge in Brink’s later work and bring him, like Breytenbach and Leroux, into confrontation with the state’s censorship apparatus. Throughout the 1960 s Brink worked as a university lecturer while composing works in Afrikaans, including Lobola vir die lewe (which won the Reina Prinsen-Geerligs Prize in 1963) and Olé (which received the CNA literary award in 1964). His full critique of the South African state did not emerge for another decade, during which time his writing began to exhibit more openly the disdain he felt for the...
Quiet Revolution Reference library
Matthew Hayday
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...years of the Quiet Revolution. Another key plank of the Liberal platform was to make Quebecers maîtres chez nous , or “masters of our own house.” This flowed from the neonationalist aim of increasing Francophone control over the economy, largely through an interventionist state apparatus. The most significant element of this was the nationalization of the province's hydroelectric companies into the Crown corporation of Hydro-Québec, which quickly became a key player in the provincial economy, and one in which French was the language of work. Asserting its...
Buyoya, Pierre (1949) Reference library
mworoha Émile
Dictionary of African Biography
...was assassinated on 21 October 1993 during a military coup that threw the country into mayhem. There followed an upsurge in violent attacks by rebels from the majority Hutu population against members of the predominantly Tutsi Uprona party and state officials. The Tutsi-dominated military and state apparatus responded with violent reprisals against the rebels and Hutu civilians. The violence resulted in more than 100,000 deaths at the end of 1993 . The massacres continued in 1994 and 1995 . It was in this context of civil war that Buyoya returned to power...
Liberalism Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...with unintended consequences. The movement managed to push Mexico toward the proposed modernization: this included capitalism, individual rights, and the demotion of church power. But to do so, Juárez and his associates had to take up machine politics, a repressive rural constabulary, and a strong state characterized by presidentialism. The question left undetermined in 1872 was the role foreign capital was to play in future economic growth, a point decisively settled by Porfirio Díaz's Revolt of Tuxtepec in 1876 and his subsequent favors to U.S....
Enlightenment Reference library
Thomas E. Kaiser
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...and central Europe were far more profoundly touched by the Enlightenment than eastern Europe, where the middle-class public was much smaller and intellectuals remained more dependent on the state and the church. In Russia under Catherine II (Catherine the Great; 1729–1796 ; r. 1762–1796 ), the Enlightenment served to reinforce the state's repressive apparatus more than it did to lighten the burden of the serfs. After 1789 , the Enlightenment became inextricably associated with the outbreak of revolution. It is probable that the philosophes had...
Africa—Postcolonial Reference library
Christopher A. BROOKS
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
...either de jure or de facto, single-party states: today the majority of African states are one-party states. The advantages that proponents of a one-party state have touted have not materialized, however. Economically, Tanzania under Julius Nyerere performed very poorly because of his adherence to strict socialist ideology. The one-party systems in Malawi, Zaire, and Uganda were very repressive, restrictive, and even brutal at times. In some cases ethnic loyalties continued to be exploited. Furthermore, because one-party states have a tradition of...
Police Reference library
David B. Wolcott
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...repressive state-security apparatuses. Police in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries. The origins of modern policing can be found in the eighteenth century, a period before most parts of the world had any police agencies. The contrasting patterns of development in France and Britain fostered agencies that influenced policing in western Europe and the rest of the world. In France the roots of a centralized police system date from the reign of Louis XIV ( r. 1643–1715 ), who transformed his feudal monarchy into the world's first nation-state. In...
Spain Reference library
David Ortiz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...founded Opus Dei (God's Work), an organization dedicated to restoring religious influence in state and society. Opus Dei became so influential that Pope Pius XII made it the first secular institute of the Catholic Church in 1947 . After World War II, the Western powers blocked Spanish participation in the United Nations, and Spain was denied Marshall Plan funds. As a result the 1940s were known as the “years of hunger” as Spaniards struggled to adjust to a repressive dictatorship and recover from devastating warfare. But the Cold War changed the world's view...
Austria Reference library
Steven Beller
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...a large-scale reform effort to turn Austria into a modern state, along the rationalist and centralized lines of Austria's northern neighbor and rival, Prussia. Although Maria Theresa was herself religiously conservative, she had a strong practical side, and she recognized the need to modernize the Habsburg Monarchy. For her and her advisers this meant adopting the policies of what has come to be known as “enlightened absolutism.” This involved the ruling house's creating a rational state apparatus that directly ruled and educated its subjects, rather than...
Revolution—France Reference library
Ronald SCHECHTER
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
...greater autonomy for the provinces. Both sides supported the republic and opposed monarchy, but they fought each other as bitterly as revolutionaries fought royalists. The Reign of Terror War, both foreign and domestic, provided justification for the revolutionaries’ most repressive laws. On the strength of the belief that traitors were endemic, the Convention passed a series of laws depriving suspects in political cases of due process and leading to thousands of judicial murders known as the Reign of Terror. Yet this tyrannical development was not simply...
