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Greece Reference library
Yannis Hamilakis, Neil Asher Silberman, John K. Papadopoulos, Ian Morris, H. A. Shapiro, Mark D. Stansbury-O’Donnell, Frank Holt, and Timothy E. Gregory
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...431 in the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, a civil war between the Athenian and Spartan alliances that also extended to the western colonies. The war proved disastrous for Athens, causing the destruction of an Athenian fleet at Syracuse in 413 and ending in the loss of its navy at Aegospotami in 405. The Spartans triumphed finally in 404 and imposed an oligarchic government on Athens. The fourth century saw continued struggles among the Greek states for hegemony. Persia had supported Sparta financially during the Peloponnesian War, but following the...
Greek Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...into Byzantine Greek. The independence and isolation of the Greek city-states had encouraged the preservation of local dialects, but the formation of political leagues tended to foster linguistic homogenization. The key role Athens had played in resisting and defeating the Persians in the early fifth century (490–479) was parlayed into political power through the formation of the First Maritime League. The linguistic corollary of the ensuing sociopolitical developments was that Attic replaced Ionic as the most prestigious Greek dialect; mercenaries in the...
Cities Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...in the Persian period were either thoroughly fortified or defended only by fortresses. This can be deduced both from the historical sources and from what is known of the siege techniques of the period, such as those described by the Greek historian Thucydides in the Peloponnesian War . [See also Dor ; and Furniture and Furnishings , article on Furnishings of the Persian Period . In addition, many of the other sites mentioned are the subject of independent entries .] Bibliography Amiran, Ruth , and Immanuel Dunayevsky . “The Assyrian Open-Court...
