Côte d’Ivoire Civil Wars (2002–7) Quick reference
A Dictionary of African Politics
...at the International Criminal Court on charges of crimes against humanity; the former president’s claim that Ouattara was effectively installed by the French government in order to act as its puppet; the 2015 presidential election, when Ouattara won almost 84 per cent of the vote amidst accusations of repression and electoral manipulation; and a series of small-scale mutinies in 2017 over pay and working conditions that raised fears of a return to...
Holdridge, Lee (3 March 1944) Reference library
Warren M. Sherk
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...(ABC miniseries), 1981 ; Moonlighting (ABC series theme), 1985 ; Beauty and the Beast (CBS series theme), 1989 ; Do You Know the Muffin Man? (CBS movie), 1990 ; Call of the Wild (CBS movie), 1993 ; Buffalo Girls (CBS movie), 1995 ; Tuskegee Airmen (HBO miniseries), 1996 ; Mutiny (NBC movie), 1999 ; The Mists of Avalon (TNT movie), 2002 ; Saving Milly (CBS movie), 2005 Concert music “Summerland,” from the ballet Trinity (2d mvt), for orch, choir, rock ens, 1970 ; Scenes of Summer, sym suite, 1973 ; Serenade for ob and str, 1973 ; Conc. for vn and...
Van Buren, Martin (1782–1862) Reference library
Jean Harvey Baker
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
... Amistad case, which reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1841 ( United States v. Libellants and Claimants of the Schooner Amistad [40 U.S. 518; 10 L. Ed. 826]), highlighted the political and international consequences of America's ambivalence toward slavery. As the result of a mutiny off the Cuban coast, thirty-six Africans entered American custody, instigating several libels (naval lawsuits) to determine their status: American property (as slaves), Spanish property (as slaves), or no one's property (and free to return to Africa). Already a diplomatic issue...
Civil Liberties, Suppression of Reference library
Geoffrey R. Stone
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...to both the war and the draft. President Woodrow Wilson had little patience for such dissent. Congress enacted the Espionage Act of 1917 , which made it a crime for any person to “cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States” or to “obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States.” Although the Espionage Act was not intended to suppress dissent generally, aggressive federal prosecutors and compliant federal judges soon transformed it into a...
Justice, Military Reference library
Michael Noone, Jonathan Lurie, Michael Noone, Timothy J. Lynch, John Whiteclay Chambers, Timothy J. Lynch, Michael Noone, Timothy J. Lynch, Michael Noone, John Whiteclay Chambers, and Timothy J. Lynch
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...1951–1980 . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998. Pasley, Robert , and Felix E. Larkin . “ The Navy Court-Martial: Proposals for Its Reform. ” Cornell Law Quarterly 33 (1947): 195–234. Weiner, Frederick B. “ American Military Law in the Light of the First Mutiny Act's Tricentennial. ” Military Law Review 126 (1989): 1–88. Weiner, Frederick B. “ Courts-Martial and the Bill of Rights: The Original Practice. ” Harvard Law Review 72 (1958–1959): 1–304. Winthrop, William . Military Law and Precedents . 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Government...
Yuán Chónghuàn (1584–1630) Reference library
Kenneth M. SWOPE
The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
...Wuqiao Mutiny ( 1631–1633 ). With Yuan out of the way, the Jin attacked the Ming base of Dalinghe, which was still under construction, in the summer of 1631 . It fell after several months and the Jin captured large numbers of cannon as a result. These became the basis for the weaponry in the artillery corps that Hong Taiji created with the help of Chinese defectors in the following years. Meanwhile, a Ming relief force led by Kong Youde, one of Mao Wenlong’s former lieutenants, mutinied while traveling through Shandong en route to Dalinghe. This mutiny lasted...
Seychelles Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...monitor the mail of suspect individuals under the Post Office Act. In 1981 the then sixty-two-year-old Irishman Mad Mike Hoare flew into Seychelles along with fellow mercenaries from South Africa in an attempt to overthrow René. After a confrontation at the airport, all but six of the mercenaries hijacked an Air India plane and flew back to South Africa, only to be arrested there. At René’s request, Tanzania sent 400 troops to ensure stability; a year later they helped defeat an army mutiny. Some implicated the United States and South Africa, citing...
Steiner, Max(imilian Raoul Walter) (10 May 1888) Reference library
Kate Daubney
The Grove Dictionary of American Music (2 ed.)
...with Father, 1947 ; Johnny Belinda, 1948 ; Key Largo, 1948 ; The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, 1948 ; Adventures of Don Juan, 1949 ; The Fountainhead, 1949 ; The Glass Menagerie, 1950 ; Operation Pacific, 1951 ; The Jazz Singer, 1953 ; This is Cinerama, 1953 ; The Caine Mutiny, 1954 ; King Richard and the Crusaders, 1954 ; Come Next Spring, 1955 ; Helen of Troy, 1956 ; The Searchers, 1956 ; A Summer Place, 1959 ; The FBI Story, 1959 ; John Paul Jones, 1959 ; The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, 1960 ; The Sins of Rachel Cade, 1961 ; Rome...
India Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...use of Urdu among the ashrāf. Delhi College, founded in 1825 and destroyed in the anti-British mutiny of 1857 , introduced members of the Muslim elite to new patterns of institutional organization for education: a formal staff, a set curriculum, classrooms, examinations, and so forth. The presence of teachers and students associated with reformist circles meant that such educational patterns became known to the ʿulamāʿ . Reprisals against Muslims after the Mutiny were particularly severe because they were regarded as the displaced rulers. The Mughal Empire...
Army, U.S. Reference library
Graham A. Cosmas, Don Higginbotham, William B. Skelton, Joseph G. Dawson, James L. Abrahamson, Graham A. Cosmas, and Timothy J. Lynch
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...or materially support the army at crucial points. Lagging enlistments and desertion led authorities to accept British prisoners, white servants, and African Americans into service. Inadequate provisions, clothing, and pay led to restlessness in the ranks and several regiments mutinied during the last years of the war. American leaders voiced more serious concern over Congress's failure to provide back pay and to make firm assurances of postwar pensions or lump-sum mustering-out bonuses. The senior officers remained loyal to the Revolution, with the notable...
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...was named president and Lumumba was named prime minister. On June 30, 1960, King Baudouin I of Belgium declared the Republic of Congo independent. Early Independence in the Republic of Congo Within a week of independence, however, large-scale chaos erupted. The Force Publique mutinied and violent conflicts broke out between Belgians and Congolese as well as between Congolese ethnic groups fighting over animosities fostered during colonialism. In addition, secessionist movements threatened to break up the republic. On July 11, 1960, Moise-Kapenda Tshombe ,...
Decolonization in Africa: An Interpretation Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...powerful mining companies, which provided services to stabilize workers in their employment. Belgium boasted of health and other services, but it did little to train an elite and less to allow expression, suppressing numerous peasant uprisings, religious movements, strikes, and mutinies. Chronology of African Independence State Date of Independence Colonial Power Notes Ethiopia Ancient Italian occupation 1936–1941 . Liberia July 26 1847 Private colony 1822–1847 . Home for freed American slaves. South Africa May 31 1910 Britain (Suid Afrika) Union of four...
Race and the Military Reference library
James Westheider
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...the Twenty-Fourth Infantry engaged whites in Houston, Texas, in a firefight that left four black soldiers and fifteen white civilians dead. It was the worst clash between black troops and white civilians in American history. Seventy black soldiers were eventually convicted of mutiny and murder; nineteen were executed, and the rest were given life in prison at hard labor. The four regular black regiments were denied the right to fight in World War I; instead the burden was carried by black volunteers and draftees. Ultimately more than 367,000 blacks were...
Navy, U.S. Reference library
Mark R. Shulman, Timothy J. Lynch, Michael A. Palmer, Malcolm Muir, Malcolm Muir, John Lehman, Dani Holtz, and Timothy J. Lynch
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...necessary ship and equipment maintenance, research and development, and quality-of-life expenditures. By the time the navy closed combat operations with evacuations in 1975 , the war had decimated the service. In the absence of government funding, combat morale collapsed and mutinies broke out on three capital ships; even the officer corps expressed cynicism about their conditions. Meanwhile, deferred maintenance left ships and aircraft in disrepair. Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) Elmo Zumwalt and his successor Admiral James Holloway carried out a...
Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975) Reference library
Jonathan FENBY, Dian QU, and Chieh-Ju LIAO
The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
..., Dian QU , and Chieh-Ju LIAO Trusted Sources Further Reading Abend, Hallett . (1932). Tortured China . New York: Washburn. Abend, Hallett . (1943). My life in China, 1926–1941 . New York: Harcourt Brace and Company. Bertram, James . (1938). First act in China: The story of the Sian Mutiny . New York: Viking. Chang, Jung , & Halliday, Jon . (2005). Mao: The unknown story . New York: Anchor. Dikötter, Frank . (2008). The age of openness: China before Mao . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Eastman, Lloyd . (1974). The abortive revolution...
Historiography Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...did crystallize the new currents of thought in the country, still ill-formed and shallow-rooted before 1905 . It also created a powerful myth of promise, betrayal, and struggle for redemption, a myth that continues even now to shape many realms of Iranian life. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 against the British marked the end of centuries-old Muslim rule in India. Indian Muslims responded to British imperial rule and cultural influence in various ways, including educational reform and religious polemics. Though these reactions extended across the...
Sudan Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...opposition, Nimeiry imposed Shari’ah (Islamic law) in Sudan. This provoked widespread opposition in the south, where there were few Muslims. The government decided to divide the three southern provinces and to transfer former Anya-Nya soldiers to the north. Southern troops mutinied in 1983 , and southern politicians created the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement, led by Colonel John Garang de Mabior. The civil war resumed. Meanwhile, Nimeiry’s accommodation failed to appease Islamic groups. In 1985 military officers supported by the National Islamic...
Lĭ Zìchéng (1606–1645) Reference library
Kenneth M. SWOPE
The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
...banquets.” Moreover, the Ming state had pressing problems in the northeast. In 1631 the Latter Jin (Manchu) had besieged and eventually captured the strategically important city of Dalinghe. A force sent to help relieve that siege under the commander Kong Youde had mutinied in Shandong and seized several key cities and fortresses in that province. These concerns forced the government to pull some troops from the northwest and allowed the peasant rebellions to expand outside their Shaanxi base into the neighboring provinces of Shanxi and Henan. But...
Revolutionary War (1775–1783) Reference library
Fred Anderson, Fred Anderson, James A. Henretta, Stephen E. Patterson, Paul J. Sanborn, and Benjamin L. Carp
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...themselves as morally superior, yet culturally inferior, to the English. British officers who had served in America during the Seven Years’ War believed that these conditions made Americans leaderless, lazy, and militarily ineffectual. Remembering the high rates of desertion and mutiny among provincial troops in 1755–1760 , in 1775 British commanders assumed a lack of toughness in the rebels, who—they thought—would collapse at the first application of force. Popular Insurrection and a Failed Police Action, 1775–1776. From the tea crisis of 1774 through...
Middle East–United States Relations Reference library
Mahmood Monshipouri
The Oxford Companion to American Politics
.... (Seattle, 2001). Hudson, Michael. “The United States in the Middle East.” In International Relations of the Middle East , edited by Louise Fawcett, pp. 283–305. (New York, 2005). Lesch, David W. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History . (New York, 2008). Lieven, Anatol. “ A Mutiny Grows in Punjab .” National Interest 112 (March-April 2011): 15–23. McKinley, James C., Jr. “ Two US Embassies in East Africa Bombed .” New York Times , 8 August 1998. Penn, Mark J. “ The Pessimism Index ,” Time , 30 June 2011. Salih, Mohammed A. “ Why Oil-Rich Kirkuk Wants...
