Congo-Kinshasa: The Military in the State-Building Process Reference library
Emizet F. Kisangani
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...words of provocation undermined the prime minister’s promise and set in motion the mutiny of the army on July 5, in Leopoldville, that spread to several military garrisons. From the mutiny to late December 1965 , the new republic would remain politically unstable as the result of secessions, insurrections, and rebellions. From Secessions to Rebellions The mutiny of the national army destroyed any hope for the state-building process in the new republic. The first act of Prime Minister Lumumba was to calm the troops by promoting Victor Lundula to the...
Mercenaries Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...island. The arrival of about seventy mercenaries, mostly South Africans, provoked strong reactions both domestically and internationally. Brigadier General Jerry Singirok , commander of the armed forces, demanded that Chan resign and was himself dismissed, which led to a mutiny by troops loyal to Singirok. A judicial inquiry cleared Chan of corruption charges in connection with the contract, but he was defeated in elections. Australia, expressing concern about the destabilizing effect mercenaries could have in the Pacific region, announced that it would...
The Philippines: Civil–Military Relations, from Marcos to Duterte Reference library
Terence Lee
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
... Under a 2010 Presidential Proclamation issued by President Benigno Aquino III, soldiers involved in mutinies against the Arroyo administration were granted amnesty. This took effect in 2011 , when more than 70 mutineers, including Trillanes, applied for and were granted amnesty. This included officers who had previously been granted amnesty by Fidel Ramos for their involvement in failed coups against Corazon Aquino and then joined subsequent mutinies ( Evangelista, 2018 ). In the Rodrigo Duterte administration, several past coup plotters have served in prominent...
Benin Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
.... Until 1985 Benin (formerly Dahomey) held the unenviable record of the most coups since independence. Six times in ten years ( 1963–72 ) the army, or factions of it, successfully seized power, with the country also intermittently rocked by military mutinies, attempted coups d'état , and internal army strife. Since independence, thirteen civilian or military presidents have governed the country. Benin's political institutions have been manipulated, subverted, and abused by civilians and military alike. When Dahomey achieved internal self-government in ...
Tanzania: Civil–Military Relations and Nationalism Reference library
Daniel G. Zirker
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...the military recruitment patterns were preeminently ideological, beginning with founding President Julius Nyerere’s total rebuilding of the army as a response to the East African mutinies of 1964 . The mutinies were a regional military intervention that affected Tanzania far more directly than they affected Uganda and Kenya, their other two focal points. The mutinies began in Tanganyika on January 20, 1964 . The issues were primarily a dispute over pay and promotions and, especially, a strident disagreement regarding the plans for “Africanizing” the...
Burkina Faso: Military Responses to Popular Pressures Reference library
Daniel Eizenga
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
..., grievances held by many soldiers boiled over into months of military mutinies. 6 The mutinies coincided with massive civilian demonstrations against the regime’s repression, triggered by the death of medical student Justin Zongo in police custody. As demonstrators protested the young man’s death, the list of grievances against the regime grew, and after nearly a month of sustained civilian demonstrations, members of the military began their own demonstrations. The initial mutiny among the military’s enlisted ranks had been sparked by shared outrage over...
communism Quick reference
Stephen Whitefield
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...capitalist society, ready to emerge, if not fully formed, then requiring only a short period of transition before being up and running. Like the early Christians, the Bolsheviks acted almost immediately, as if the millennium was upon them. In the years of War Communism 1918–20 , in the middle of a civil war, all property was nationalized and money for a period abolished. When mutiny and peasant unrest resulted, Lenin declared a short breathing space in 1921 (the NEP ) before ‘the heavens’ of communism could once again be assaulted. However, in the last...
The Maldives: The Changing Dynamics of Civil–Military Relations Reference library
Prashant Hosur Suhas and Vasabjit Banerjee
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...apolitical both during years of political stability and in times of political transition. In 2012 , however, President Nasheed resigned in the face of mounting protests and what appeared to be a police mutiny. This was the first instance where a security force, in this case the police, had reportedly taken a political stance. Following the police mutiny, the supporters of former President Gayoom were vociferous in calling for the resignation of President Nasheed. President Nasheed’s Maldivian Democratic Party stated that “rogue elements” within the police,...
Papua New Guinea: Volatile but Coupless Reference library
R. J. May
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...under house arrest and calling for the reinstatement of Somare. Sasa denied he was leading a mutiny or military takeover of government; “My task,” he said, “is restoring the integrity and respect of the constitution and the judiciary” ( Post-Courier , January 27, 2012 ). Without support from the officer corps, however, by the end of the day Sasa and most of his group had been detained or had withdrawn. Sasa was arrested and charged with inciting a mutiny but continued to argue that he had been acting on orders of the legitimate (Somare) government....
The Bangladesh Army: What It Costs to Remain Apolitical Reference library
Smruti S. Pattanaik
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...was employed in public services, making them relevant to the needs of the people. This was especially important in the aftermath of the November 1975 mutiny organized by soldiers (Biplobi Gana Bahini), infused with radical left ideas within the Bangladesh Army on November 7, 1975, that completely destroyed the command structure with the slogan “officers-soldiers are brothers.” Interestingly this mutiny by the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal brought people to the streets who were desperately looking for a classless society that was free of corruption and...
Iraq Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...1995 , and June and December 1996 . There were reports of mutinies in the Republican Guard in the spring and summer of 1995 , as well as a number of high-level defections, perhaps most notably the flight of two of Saddam Hussein's daughters to Jordan with their husbands in July 1995 . One of the sons-in-law, General Hussein Kamil Majid , had previously been minister of defense, and was thus able to give his debriefers in Amman crucial information on Iraqi nonconventional weapons. In an act of quite extraordinary folly, the two sons-in-law returned to...
Sudan: Soldiers and Civilians, 1958–2019 Reference library
Peter Woodward
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...British set up their own force that became the Sudan Defense Force (SDF), and as well as Sudanese recruits there was a small British garrison. The SDF was to pose the first major challenge to the state when in 1924 a group of trainee officers mutinied, and a short battle ensued in the capital before the mutiny was put down. The event has been widely discussed, with some academics seeing it as reflecting social discontent, while the British saw it as the influence of Egyptian nationalists who had had such effect on their country after the World War I. The...
Kenya: The King’s Shadow Army Reference library
Henrik Laugesen
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...At this point Kenya, with its recently won freedom but also fairly fragile and vulnerable state institutions, had neither the experience nor the means to handle the discontent and, eventually, the situation developed into a mutiny in Uganda, Tanganyika, and Kenya that only involved former KAR units. In Kenya, the mutiny began in January 1964 with the 3 KR at the Lanet Barracks near Nakuru. British troops were sent to Nakuru, and the situation was soon reported to be under control. The Kenyatta government eventually met the soldiers’ demands and a...
Nonviolent Action Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...contains three subclasses: social noncooperation (such as social boycotts or ostracism), economic noncooperation (including many types of economic boycotts and labor strikes), and political noncooperation (among them noncooperation with government units, civil disobedience , mutiny, and severance of diplomatic relations). (3) Where the nonviolent group acts largely by direct intervention, its acts may be referred to as nonviolent intervention (disrupting usual routines psychologically, socially, economically, politically, or physically). The methods in this...
Sierra Leone: Military Coups and Dictatorships Reference library
Jimmy D. Kandeh
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...the NRC and the CRC set the stage for the mutiny coup of 1967 . Juxon-Smith chose to disregard the recommendations of both the CRC and the Dove-Edwin report; he stopped talking to Blake and was at loggerheads with other junta members who had apparently figured it was in their best interest to facilitate a smooth transfer of power to civilians. On the very day that Blake, Jumu, and Kaisamba were planning to arrest Juxon-Smith, subaltern ranks of the army struck and dislodged the NRC from power. Disengagement Mutiny Coup of 1968 In contrast to the 1967 coups...
The Republic of the Congo: The Colonial Origins of Military Rule Reference library
Joshua Shaw and Brett Carter
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...tensions. Massamba-Débat declared the army a People’s Army in 1966 , halting French assistance, but earning supplies and advisors from the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba. This, combined with plans to incorporate the JMNR into the military, prompted a series of northern-based mutinies in June 1966 ( Decalo, 1990 ). One of the leaders, Captain Marien Ngouabi, a young Kouyou paratrooper officer stationed in Brazzaville, was demoted after resisting JMNR incorporation. Responding immediately, Ngouabi’s fellow Kouyou troops arrested military Chief of Staff Mountsaka...
Fiji: The Militarization of Politics in a Small-Island Developing State Reference library
Vijay Naidu
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...to abrogate the 1997 Constitution, which was an objective of George Speight and his ethnonationalists. 5 Disaffected elements in the military, which included CRW soldiers, mutinied in November of that year seeking to assassinate Commodore Bainimarama. In the midst of the social and political turmoil caused by the unfolding events of May–July 2000 and onward to the mutiny, the chiefs were divided among those who supported Speight and the mutineers and those who sided with the military leadership. In 2001 , the government that Bainimarama had...
Mali: The Hot and Cold Relationship Between Military Intervention and Democratic Consolidation Reference library
Florina Cristiana Matei
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...the armed forces, which decided to disregard civilian supremacy once again. As such, on March 21, 2012 , a group of low- and middle-ranked officers from a military camp outside Bamako mutinied, demanding better resources to fight the rebels ( Bailie, 2018 ; Chauzal & van Damme, 2015 ; Dao, 2019 ; Greene, 2020 ). But the grievances were too high, and soon the mutiny became a coup ( Dao, 2019 ). Indeed, on March 22, a group of junior officers and enlisted soldiers of the “green berets,” led by Army Captain Amadou Haya Sanogo, overthrew Touré, looted...
Ghana: The Military in Transition From Praetorianism to Democratic Control Reference library
Eboe Hutchful, Humphrey Asamoah Agyekum, and Ben Kunbour
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...coups in Africa may have receded in recent years, mutinies by the military’s other ranks have actually proliferated. These mutinies depart from the previous coups in three important respects: First, they do not involve (at least initially) an attempt to overthrow the government or take political power, but are rather an attempt to articulate specific grievances; second, they entail primarily (if not exclusively) action by the military’s other ranks (rather than the officer corps); third, such mutinies are a response (paradoxically) to the emergence of...
Niger: Armed Force Politics and Counterterrorism Reference library
Virginie Baudais
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...the new democratic institutions. The Postdemocratic Transition: A Political Game Over Power Sharing The first civilian government inherited a disastrous economic situation and was faced with severe challenges, including serious delays in the payment of salaries that led to a mutiny in Zinder on July 10, 1993 , popular protests, and rebellion in the North. However, the major disruption was related to the power sharing and the nomination of senior administrators to high positions in state-owned companies ( Abdourhamane, 1996 , p. 8). These political...
