Draft Evasion and Desertion Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...refusing to fight on grounds of principle after they have joined up (a form of conscientious objection), or from individual refusal to obey particular orders seen as immoral. It is also distinct from a collective refusal to obey orders, which may sometimes be classed as mutiny. But where mutiny is widespread, desertion also tends to be ubiquitous and may signal disillusionment with war and perhaps the regime. This was the case in the Russian forces in 1917 , where, as Lenin put it, troops voted with their feet and walked home from the front. Legal definitions...
Military Justice in Film Reference library
Ann B. Ching
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture
...saw the production of several military justice films that set the standard for the genre. The Caine Mutiny ( 1954 ), The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell ( 1955 ), Carrington V.C. ( 1955 ), and Paths of Glory ( 1957 ) are classic court-martial films. Each of these films addresses the common theme of ideal justice, as embodied by the individual, set against the inflexible, unforgiving, and sometimes immoral military system. In The Caine Mutiny , Lieutenant Maryk makes what he believes is the morally right choice to defy the paranoid, martinet leader...
Indian National Movement Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...struggle, experimented with strategies of resistance, and produced committed leaders. The failure of the 1857 revolt of Indian soldiers in British service, traditional rulers, and great numbers of people in the rural north—a rebellion that the British victors called the Indian Mutiny—underscored the great difficulty of overthrowing the British rulers by force. When concerted opposition reemerged, it came initially from the colonial port cities and socially from groups mostly educated in the new Western learning—lawyers, doctors, teachers, academics, and...
War Resistance as a Global Phenomenon Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...is a basis for refusal. The inviolability of persons is qualified by legality and territoriality: protecting citizens of the state involves legal violence against those who violate the state’s sovereignty, from within or outside its borders. As a result, treason, desertion, and mutiny become capital crimes. Thus, war resistance can be portrayed as akin to these, and certainly as “unpatriotic.” Universal Military Service and Mass Resistance While both individual and collective refusal of military service has existed around the world for centuries, it has gone...
Nonviolence, Theory and Practice of Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...refuse to work. Parkman develops the idea of “civic strikes” as a mode of noncooperation in Latin America involving professional classes and students as well as public employees. Noncooperation can also involve tax refusals, economic boycotts, civil disobedience, and even mutiny among military forces or desertion. These methods wield power more assertively. They also rely on substantial support and personal bravery to be effective. Examined empirically, methods of nonviolent action are simultaneously universal and culturally specific. Methods of...
Gandhi Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
... 2001 ). On 9 August 1942 , the British quickly jailed Gandhi and other Indian nationalist leaders. Although he was released before the war’s end on medical grounds, the other leaders spent the remainder of the war languishing in prison; meanwhile, India disintegrated into mutiny and partial civil war (Wolpert 2006 ), especially on ethnoreligious lines. Nonviolent Nationalism By the end of Gandhi’s life, he had become a full-blown nationalist. His desire to be rid of the British, however, was, as he said, not a desire to have the tiger without the...
Representations of Law, Rights, and Criminal Justice Reference library
Stefan Machura
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture
...A legal drama may be complemented with action scenes, as in The Star Chamber (USA, 1983 ) with a depiction of twisted gender relations, as in Witness for the Prosecution (USA, 1957 ), or the audience may watch how the character of men is tested in war, as in The Caine Mutiny (USA, 1954 ). The case may start with conventional detective work before it goes to court and may be followed up by scenes in prison. In the end, the real culprit will have been appropriately dealt with, as typical for a German TV judge show, or an innocent man is executed...
Documentaries about Crime and Criminal Justice Reference library
Jamie Bennett
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Crime, Media, and Popular Culture
...feature in British Pathé’s archive. This includes news features on notorious cases, such as the arrest of armed robber “Baby Face” Nelson and coverage of the Lindbergh baby kidnap and murder case of 1932 . There were also films of exceptional events, such as Amazing Prison Mutiny (U.K., 1929 ), which shows uniformed staff preparing to quell a riot in Auburn State Penitentiary and the aftermath, with the damaged and smoldering buildings. Prison Fire Horror (U.K., 1930 ) focuses on a fire in an Ohio prison in which 319 men died, showing fire fighters...
Nonviolent Action Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...leaflets, picketing, social boycotts, economic boycotts, labor strikes, rejection of legitimacy, civil disobedience, boycott of government positions, boycott of rigged elections, strikes by civil servants, noncooperation by police, non-obedience without direct supervision, mutinies, sit-ins, hunger strikes, sit-downs on the streets, establishment of alternative institutions, occupation of offices, and creation of parallel governments. These methods may be used to protest symbolically, to halt cooperation, and to disrupt the operation of the established...
Colonialism and Postcolonialism Reference library
Jenny Burman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication and Critical Cultural Studies
...space, and social relations. Where once a letter between India and Britain would have taken eight months by ship, now it was virtually instantaneous, which had profound implications for the management and control of overseas colonies. The British repressed the Indian Uprisings/“Mutiny” of 1857 with the help of the telegraph, before which it may have taken months for central colonial administrators to hear about an uprising and the need to send troops ( Headrick, 2010 ). In 1857 , signalers in Delhi sent warning telegrams, allowing the British to regain...
Ranajit Guha’s Historiography of Colonial India Reference library
Vasant Kaiwar
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Communication and Critical Cultural Studies
...more “far-seeing” liberal imperialists’ critique of empire. Guha insists the latter do not break free of the logic of the prose of counterinsurgency. A case in point is W. W. Hunter’s ( 1868 ) Annals of Rural Bengal , written a decade or so after the outbreak of the so-called Mutiny of 1857 . Hunter notes, at one point, that “colonial statesmen had given civilization to India … it will be up to [their successors] to render that civilization at once beneficial to the natives and safe for ourselves” (quoted in Guha, 1983 , p. 25). Hunter was able to...
Art Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...International League ( WIL ), which became the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Pankhurst joined demonstrations against conscription and was imprisoned for sedition from October 1920 until May 1921 for Dreadnought articles allegedly inciting mutiny among the armed forces. Deeply anti-racist, she was the first Briton to employ a black journalist and later became treasurer of the International Women’s World Committee against War and Fascism. Eric Gill ( 1882–1940 ), stone carver, typographer, and engraver, designed and carved...
Drake, Sir Francis Quick reference
The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.)
...should it succeed in sailing. This Doughty proceeded to do, making trouble and inciting the crews to mutiny , and by the time the expedition reached Port St Julian, close to the entrance of the Magellan Straits , Drake had to take drastic action. He had Doughty arrested, convened a ‘court of law’ complete with a jury of twelve men, and charged Doughty with treason and mutiny. Doughty was acquitted on the charge of treason but found guilty on that of mutiny, and was immediately executed. After sailing through the Straits of Magellan Drake was driven south by...
Congo-Kinshasa: The Military in the State-Building Process Reference library
Emizet F. Kisangani
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...words of provocation undermined the prime minister’s promise and set in motion the mutiny of the army on July 5, in Leopoldville, that spread to several military garrisons. From the mutiny to late December 1965 , the new republic would remain politically unstable as the result of secessions, insurrections, and rebellions. From Secessions to Rebellions The mutiny of the national army destroyed any hope for the state-building process in the new republic. The first act of Prime Minister Lumumba was to calm the troops by promoting Victor Lundula to the...
Oxford vs. Cambridge Boat Race Reference library
Christina L. HENNESSEY
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World Sport (3 ed.)
.... John Snagge , the BBC commentator for the race from 1931–1980 , and considered the “voice of the Boat Race,” is famous for his 1949 pronouncement, “I can’t see who’s ahead, but it’s either Oxford or Cambridge.” One of the more famous stories out of the race was the “Oxford Mutiny” of 1987 , where the people from the United States chosen for the team refused to row in the race after one of their countrymen was dropped in favor of the English president of the club. The Oxford coach, Dan Topolski , cobbled together a new young team of reserves that still...
Mercenaries Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...island. The arrival of about seventy mercenaries, mostly South Africans, provoked strong reactions both domestically and internationally. Brigadier General Jerry Singirok , commander of the armed forces, demanded that Chan resign and was himself dismissed, which led to a mutiny by troops loyal to Singirok. A judicial inquiry cleared Chan of corruption charges in connection with the contract, but he was defeated in elections. Australia, expressing concern about the destabilizing effect mercenaries could have in the Pacific region, announced that it would...
The Philippines: Civil–Military Relations, from Marcos to Duterte Reference library
Terence Lee
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
... Under a 2010 Presidential Proclamation issued by President Benigno Aquino III, soldiers involved in mutinies against the Arroyo administration were granted amnesty. This took effect in 2011 , when more than 70 mutineers, including Trillanes, applied for and were granted amnesty. This included officers who had previously been granted amnesty by Fidel Ramos for their involvement in failed coups against Corazon Aquino and then joined subsequent mutinies ( Evangelista, 2018 ). In the Rodrigo Duterte administration, several past coup plotters have served in prominent...
Benin Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
.... Until 1985 Benin (formerly Dahomey) held the unenviable record of the most coups since independence. Six times in ten years ( 1963–72 ) the army, or factions of it, successfully seized power, with the country also intermittently rocked by military mutinies, attempted coups d'état , and internal army strife. Since independence, thirteen civilian or military presidents have governed the country. Benin's political institutions have been manipulated, subverted, and abused by civilians and military alike. When Dahomey achieved internal self-government in ...
Tanzania: Civil–Military Relations and Nationalism Reference library
Daniel G. Zirker
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
...the military recruitment patterns were preeminently ideological, beginning with founding President Julius Nyerere’s total rebuilding of the army as a response to the East African mutinies of 1964 . The mutinies were a regional military intervention that affected Tanzania far more directly than they affected Uganda and Kenya, their other two focal points. The mutinies began in Tanganyika on January 20, 1964 . The issues were primarily a dispute over pay and promotions and, especially, a strident disagreement regarding the plans for “Africanizing” the...
Burkina Faso: Military Responses to Popular Pressures Reference library
Daniel Eizenga
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Military in Politics
..., grievances held by many soldiers boiled over into months of military mutinies. 6 The mutinies coincided with massive civilian demonstrations against the regime’s repression, triggered by the death of medical student Justin Zongo in police custody. As demonstrators protested the young man’s death, the list of grievances against the regime grew, and after nearly a month of sustained civilian demonstrations, members of the military began their own demonstrations. The initial mutiny among the military’s enlisted ranks had been sparked by shared outrage over...
