India and English Government Reference library
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khān
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...for actions of the Indians themselves. Who can say that the Government is to be blamed for having, after the Mutiny of 1857, taken away arms from the people of India and prohibited their possession without a license? It was a punishment to the Indians for the misdeeds they committed during the Mutiny of 1857. Every fair-minded person will admit the Indians had in their evil deeds gone so far that the Government was compelled to pass the Arms Act. . . . The well-being of the people of India, and especially of the Musalmans, lies in leading a quiet life under...
Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon Reference library
Mordechai Cogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...639 does read like a sign that victorious Assyria had come upon bad times. Manasseh died in 642 bce , and his son and successor Amon (641–640) reigned just two years before being assassinated by his courtiers. There is no way of knowing just what prompted this mutiny, and equally strong cases can be made for either foreign or internal affairs. Judah did not lack for political tensions and intrigues. The uprising was soon put down by “the people of land,” that influential segment of the population of Judah, mostly the wealthy, who appeared in...
John Quincy Adams
Great Mutiny Reference library
Alexander Chow
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...spread to further military mutinies and civilian rebellions in the northern Gangetic Plain and central India, before it was suppressed by British soldiers. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858, which liquidated the EIC and transferred colonial power to direct rule under the British crown. In the aftermath, mission churches and cathedrals in India memorialized the events, carving the names of British soldiers and families who died into metal plaques and marble stones. The great majority of British Anglicans and nonconformists saw...
European Colonialism and the Emergence of Modern Muslim States Reference library
S.V.R. Nasr
The Oxford History of Islam
...relative decline of artisans, small-scale agricultural producers, and in some cases the traditional elite. The political consequences of this process were momentous. In India, for instance, the decline of the old elite tied to the Mughal court was important in the Great Mutiny 1857 and in the tensions between Muslims and the British Raj in the following century of colonial rule. The rise of mercantile classes and an embryonic middle class in the form of educated functionaries in the colonial administration also changed the structure of local politics...
Mongolian Buddhism in the Early 20th Century Reference library
Matthew W. King
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Buddhism
...(negdel) and to poor arats. 51 As a result, lamas in several monastic estates led nomadic pastoralists in revolt during the summer of 1932 . Such revolts would quickly occupy some 70 percent of the country, killing thousands of people, and leaving five ayima γ s in complete mutiny. 52 As a result, even Comintern agents had to admit that the “lamas remained the cultural leaders of the Mongolian people: as teachers, the only doctors and craftsman.” 53 However, the hearts and minds of the so-called exploited class of arat nomadic pastoralists were not so...
Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire up to the Mongol Conquest Reference library
Fred M. Donner
The Oxford History of Islam
...pietists, who came to be known as Kharijites (from the Arabic khawarij , possibly meaning “seceders”). Some of them may have broken with Ali because they feared that if he reached an accommodation with Muawiyah, they would be called to account for their participation in the mutiny against Uthman. Others may have felt Ali's agreement to arbitrate revealed an impious lack of trust in God's ability to render a just verdict between the two rivals on the battlefield. As they said in their battle cry, “Only God has the right to decide.” Ali was forced to massacre...
Foundations for Renewal and Reform: Islamic Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Reference library
John Obert Voll
The Oxford History of Islam
...aimed at combatting the expansion of British control in India. They did involve conflict with British authorities, however. The largest uprising to be specifically directed against the British in the nineteenth century was the great revolt in 1857, sometimes called the Sepoy Mutiny. The pressures of British policies helped to create conditions within which growing Indian frustration expressed itself in a widespread revolt against British authorities in which Muslims and Hindus joined together. The British crushed opposition severely and formally abolished...
India, Republic of Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
...1987) VIII. Art legislation . Art legislation in India is based mainly on three acts: the Indian Treasures Act ( ITA ) of 1878 , the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act ( AMASRA ) of 1958 , and the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act ( AATA ) of 1972 . Operated by the state governments, the ITA has proved to be most effective in regard to the collection of antiquities by the various museums managed by the government. This act defines “treasure” as “anything of any value hidden in the soil, or in anything affixed thereto.” “Treasure”...
India Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
...dealing in beef. This anti-cow-slaughter agitation led to large-scale rioting between Muslims and Hindus in 1892–1893 . Anti-cow-slaughter has been a recurrent phenomenon in India and has often been anti-Muslim, with mostly Muslims as the victims. One cause of the great Indian Mutiny of 1857 was the accusations that the British were using cow's fat as grease for the maintenance of military equipment. Accusation about the use of cow's fat continues to arouse strong feelings. In 2001 , when it was revealed that the American food chain McDonalds used fat from...
Faulkner, William Reference library
Donald M. Kartiganer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts
...Satan variously combined in the Old General, father of the corporal Jesus—and for good measure, St. Paul. They are embodied in a set of characters involved, directly or indirectly, in an episode of World War I, the mutiny of a French regiment refusing to climb out of the trenches to attack the German lines. The hope of the 13 instigators of the mutiny is to bring the war to a permanent halt. While the history of the characters describing their circuitous routes to the war zone is told with imagination and verve, they remain, first and foremost, their biblical...
Philip II of Spain (1527–1598) Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
...in 1568 , following years of rising tensions, came to consume his attention, along with the preservation of Catholic government in neighboring France. In the Netherlands' northern provinces Calvinist rebels, led by William of Orange, established the Dutch Republic, while army mutinies resulting from Philip's financial straits and Mediterranean wars frustrated his governors, Margaret of Parma, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo (the duke of Alba), Luis de Requeséns y Zúñiga, and John of Austria. After 1578 Alessandro Farnese , duke of Parma, who succeeded John,...
India Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...use of Urdu among the ashrāf. Delhi College, founded in 1825 and destroyed in the anti-British mutiny of 1857 , introduced members of the Muslim elite to new patterns of institutional organization for education: a formal staff, a set curriculum, classrooms, examinations, and so forth. The presence of teachers and students associated with reformist circles meant that such educational patterns became known to the ʿulamāʿ . Reprisals against Muslims after the Mutiny were particularly severe because they were regarded as the displaced rulers. The Mughal Empire...
India Reference library
Barbara D. Metcalf
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
...religious leaders fluent in Arabic, and a scholar and public intellectual within India and in international organizations such as the Muslim World League. The Nineteenth Century and Establishment of British Institutions. Following the suppression of the so-called Indian Mutiny of 1857 , Britain abolished the East India Company, and India came under direct British government rule. Reprisals against Muslims were particularly severe because they were regarded as the displaced rulers. The British also, however, identified people whom they considered...
Iran Reference library
Roksana Bahramitash
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women
...44–72. Sahimi, M. “Iranian Women and the Struggle for Democracy.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2010/04/iranian-women-and-the-struggle-for-democracy-in-the-pre-revolution-era.html . In Tehran Bureau . Sanasarian, E. The Women's Rights Movement in Iran: Mutiny, Appeasement, and Repression from 1900 to Khomeini . New York: Praeger, 1982. Savory, Roger . Iran under the Safavids . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Roksana...
Flanders Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
... 1573 . 1578–1585: The Calvinist Republic at Ghent The mutinies in the “Spanish” army in the summer and autumn of 1576 obliged the “loyal” provinces to reach an understanding with the “rebel” provinces of Holland and Zeeland. Under the terms of this agreement, known as the Pacification of Ghent, signed on 8 November 1576 , only the Catholic religion could be practiced in the “loyal” provinces. But since the edicts against heresy were suspended, religious dissidents in the southern Netherlands could act more boldly, and Calvinist services were reported from ...
Historiography Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...did crystallize the new currents of thought in the country, still ill-formed and shallow-rooted before 1905 . It also created a powerful myth of promise, betrayal, and struggle for redemption, a myth that continues even now to shape many realms of Iranian life. The Indian Mutiny of 1857 against the British marked the end of centuries-old Muslim rule in India. Indian Muslims responded to British imperial rule and cultural influence in various ways, including educational reform and religious polemics. Though these reactions extended across the...
Gender and Sexuality: Ancient Near East Reference library
Ilona Zsolnay
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Gender Studies
...Ninmaḫ , mortals are devised for the express purpose of laboring for the gods. Atrahasīs and Enūma Eliš both record that mortals were created after rebellions. In Atrahasīs , rebellion occurs because of the workload placed upon the Igigi gods by the Anunnaki. To squash the mutiny, the Anunnaki decide to create laborers. Bēlet-ilī is summoned, but, before she can begin her work, she declares that Ea must aid her. Ea then commands that one of the rebelling gods must be slaughtered so that Bēlet-ilī can mix his flesh and blood with purified clay. This she...
Chronology Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...poet 1856 Aḥmad Rizā Khān Barelwī (d. 1921), leader and ideologue of Barelwī school of Islamic thought 1856 To 1873: Yunnan leads rebellion against Chinese rule and tries to establish Muslim state 1856 To 1876: Young Ottomans demand constitutional system 1857 Failed Indian Mutiny, revolt against British occupation, resulting in formal British colonization of India and dissolution of Mughal Empire 1857 Shiblī Nuʿmānī (d. 1914), South Asian Islamic scholar and author of biographies of major Islamic figures 1857 Saʿd Zaghlūl (d. 1927), founder of Wafd Party...
Popular Religion Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
...treatment over the Internet. A particularly significant development is the emergence of the tomb of Bahādur Shāh Zafar II , the last of the South Asian Mughal emperors, as an important international pilgrimage site. Zafar was exiled to Rangoon, Burma, following the Indian Mutiny/War of Independence of 1857 . The exact location of his grave remained unknown until 1991 . When it was discovered it quickly became an important shrine for South Asian Muslims including political leaders. India and Pakistan contest the privilege of caring for the shrine....
